﻿HYDROLOGY 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  ' 
  869 
  

  

  too 
  resinous, 
  may 
  be 
  used, 
  although 
  the 
  woods 
  chiefly 
  used 
  are 
  

   spruce, 
  hemlock 
  and 
  balsam. 
  About 
  two 
  cords 
  of 
  wood 
  are 
  

   required 
  for 
  one 
  ton 
  of 
  the 
  sulphite 
  pulp. 
  

  

  Newspaper 
  and 
  common 
  wrapping 
  papers 
  consist 
  chiefly 
  of 
  

   mechanical 
  pulp, 
  with 
  from 
  10 
  per 
  cent 
  to 
  25 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  sulphite 
  

   pulp 
  added 
  to 
  hold 
  the 
  stock 
  together. 
  One 
  class 
  of 
  strong 
  wrap- 
  

   ping 
  paper 
  is 
  made 
  entirely 
  of 
  sulphite 
  pulp. 
  

  

  Soda 
  fibre 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  soft 
  stock 
  in 
  book 
  and 
  writing 
  papers. 
  

   It 
  came 
  into 
  use 
  earlier 
  than 
  sulphite 
  fiber, 
  but 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  

   greater 
  cheapness 
  of 
  the 
  sulphite 
  process, 
  and 
  the 
  superior 
  

   strength 
  of 
  the 
  fiber, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  has 
  increased 
  more 
  

   rapidly 
  than 
  the 
  soda. 
  

  

  Tn 
  order 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  comparatively 
  recent 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  

   paper 
  industry, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  mentioned 
  that 
  mechanical 
  pulp 
  was 
  

   invented 
  in 
  Germany 
  in 
  1844, 
  but 
  was 
  not 
  made 
  in 
  this 
  country 
  

   until 
  1867. 
  It, 
  however, 
  reached 
  no 
  commercial 
  importance 
  any- 
  

   where 
  until 
  considerably 
  later 
  than 
  1867. 
  There 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  

   United 
  States, 
  in 
  1900, 
  168 
  mills 
  in 
  operation, 
  of 
  which 
  81 
  were 
  

   in 
  New 
  York. 
  

  

  The 
  soda 
  process 
  was 
  introduced 
  into 
  this 
  country 
  from 
  

   Europe 
  in 
  1854. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  mills 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  in 
  

   1900 
  was 
  36, 
  of 
  which 
  2 
  were 
  in 
  New 
  York. 
  

  

  The 
  sulphite 
  process 
  is 
  an 
  American 
  invention, 
  used 
  at 
  Prov- 
  

   idence 
  in 
  1884. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  mills 
  in 
  operation 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  

   States 
  in 
  1900 
  was 
  69, 
  of 
  which 
  17 
  were 
  in 
  New 
  York. 
  

  

  Modern 
  paper 
  making 
  began 
  with 
  the 
  introduction 
  early 
  in 
  

   the 
  nineteenth 
  century 
  of 
  the 
  Fourdrinier 
  machine, 
  which 
  was 
  a 
  

   development 
  of 
  an 
  invention 
  made 
  by 
  Louis 
  Roberts, 
  of 
  Essonne, 
  

   France, 
  about 
  1798. 
  Paper 
  was 
  made 
  mostly 
  from 
  rags, 
  which 
  

   continued 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  materials 
  used 
  until 
  past 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  

   nineteenth 
  century, 
  when 
  wood 
  fibre 
  was 
  introduced. 
  The 
  use 
  

   of 
  rags 
  for 
  making 
  newspaper 
  has 
  been 
  largely 
  superseded 
  by 
  

   wood. 
  

  

  Paper 
  making, 
  however, 
  is 
  an 
  ancient 
  art, 
  probably 
  originat- 
  

   ing 
  in 
  China 
  as 
  early 
  as 
  150 
  A. 
  D. 
  Several 
  centuries 
  later, 
  the 
  

   Arabs 
  learned 
  the 
  art 
  of 
  paper 
  making 
  from 
  the 
  Chinese, 
  who 
  

   in 
  turn 
  introduced 
  the 
  art 
  into 
  western 
  Europe. 
  Paper 
  was 
  

  

  