DIFFERENT RACES OF MANKIND. 351 



gauging the capacity of skulls, — Dr. Wyman considering that this substance " is still 

 a desideratum,"— shows this also, that a larger tare or allowance might be required 

 in this mode of procedure than in some others where less penetrating matters are em- 

 ployed. But again, this peculiarity of sand does not tend in any important degree to 

 lessen our confidence in the following tables, firstly, because the sand in Dr. Wyman's 

 experiments was shaken down in the skulls and was not shaken down in the measure, 

 and because this source of error in our proceedings was wholly avoided, for the sand 

 was not at all measured, but weighed. It is reasonable to conclude that the result of 

 Dr. "Wyman's experiments would have been very diflferent had he, like us, weighed 

 the substances with which he gauged the skulls, instead of pouring them into a 

 measure, " care being taken that this should be done in each case at a uniform rate, 

 but roWiout being afterwards shaken or pressed down." 



By the procedures before mentioned, and the observance of the rules above laid 

 down, it is believed that a large mass of reliable data has been obtained, which it is 

 hoped will prove useful to other observers, who may probably be able to contribute to 

 render it still more accurate. In some cases these data confirm the conclusions de- 

 duced by Morton from his observations, and in other instances they probably tend to 

 invalidate them. Particularly they lead to a doubt whether the volume of the brain 

 simply can be taken so absolutely as Morton seemed to think, and those who have 

 followed him, as a just measure of intellectual power. Still, nothing is by this remark 

 implied to call in question the general fact that a large volume of brain is an index 

 of great mental capacity ; only it should not in all cases be taken as so perfect and 

 simple an index. The special organization of the brain must be taken fully into 

 account in any estimate of its highest faculties. 



Another point to be remarked upon here may probably lead to a key which is 

 applicable to the whole subject, in a degree not hitherto admitted. It has been usual 

 to compare together the size of the brain and the stature of the race to which it be- 

 longs, and to regard the diminutive Bushman, for example, as equally endowed with 

 cerebral structure as the much taller European ; that is to say, that the Bushman is 

 as richly endowed as the European, stature for stature. It is not proposed to call in 

 question this general law, that the size of the brain bears a proportion to the size of 

 the race, but there are many facts which tend to prove that each race has a special 

 endowment of cerebral development belonging to itself, which view is not in agree- 

 ment with the opinion of Tiedemann, that, so far as the few established investigations 

 reach, there appears to obtain a difference in the size of the brain in relation to that 

 of the body. If our position be true, then the size of the brain is not to be compared 

 so directly with the average stature of the race, in order to gain a correct estimate of 

 the intellectual power of any race, but, in fact, that each race must be studied sepa- 

 rately, as each race has a specific stature, volume of brain, and intellectual power. 



