DIFFERENT RACES OF MANKIND. 359 



European "), and the aboriginal or non-Aryan peoples evincing a much lower cerebral 

 organization, then the facts would admit of explanation by the hypothesis, because 

 they would agree with it. But the truth appears to be very different from this. The 

 people of India, with respect to their brain development, are tolerably uniform, as 

 far as the subject has been investigated. They are all,— Brahmins, Hindoo races and 

 Hill tribes,— tolerably uniform in having small brains, as far as the subject has been 

 investigated. It has always been openly declared by the writer that the investigation 

 of this and other questions relating to physical organization must go first and fore- 

 most in studying the ethnology of India. Whether some of those who now seem to 

 be in a measure engrossing the materials for this investigation will accomplish much, 

 since they are well known to be setting out with the purpose to develope and com- 

 plete the Aryan hypothesis, remains yet to be seen. It does not at present appear 

 whether they perceive that the materials now being collected are fully adequate to 

 establish the basis of a true ethnology of India, in the hands of those free from 

 hypotheses. 



It is also very questionable whether the full investigation of brain-weights in 

 different races of man will prove at all more congenial to the romantic doctrine of 

 developmentalism. A few years ago its disciples rejoiced in the discovery of a portion 

 of an exceedingly ancient human cranium in a cave in Germany, — the celebrated 

 Neanderthal skull, — which was thought to supply in some measure "the missin^^ 

 link " between man and the anthropomorphous apes, or, more properly, to give a 

 shadow and semblance of probability to the fancy that such missing link had ever 

 existed. Although this fragment of a skull does not admit of measurement so as to 

 enable any one to determine its internal capacity, and this can only be arrived at by 

 an approximation, the dimensions which may be recorded justify our regarding the 

 original skull as not in any way deficient in room for brain.* Hence the develop- 

 mentalism vanishes, for there appears to be no room for development. This most 

 ancient man had about as much brain as many modern men. In the calvarium 

 figured and described in the "Memoirs of the Anthropological Society," which is 

 probably the most Neanderthaloid modern example known, so far from a small im- 

 perfectly developed brain, this organ was unquestionably of unusual magnitude.f 



The last section (VI) of Prof. Wyman's recent "Observations on Crania" is devoted 

 to the Neanderthal skull. The remarks of so accurate an observer, which are ex- 

 pressed in such a right spirit, demand attention. Prof Wyman says : " There is one 

 fact which we have not seen noticed in the discussion of the question at issue, thouf^h 

 it has doubtless been observed, and in which the Neanderthal differs from common 



* Prof. Schaafhausen, who first aud carefully described the Neanderthal skull, says distinctly: " The crani- 

 um is of unusual size, and of a long-elliptical form." Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, p. 15C. 

 tMem. Anthrop. Soc. of London, vol. i, p. 288. 



