48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



highway, into Pennsylvania. The relation of the geographic fea- 

 tures is roughly indicated in the sketch, figure 2. We find here 

 a characteristic development of wave-built bars on a delta, the 

 delta of Twentymile creek. The horizontal spacing in the sketch 

 is not accurate, being only estimated. The vertical spacing or 

 altitudes are by aneroid and hand level and fairly reliable. The 

 total vertical spacing of the Warren bars is about 50 feet. The 

 interval of 45 feet between the Whittlesey and the upper Warren, 

 and 25 feet between the upper and lower Warren is a fair example 

 of the prevailing relation as far as the Whittlesey extends. The 

 duality of the Warren series is unusually well expressed, and is 

 possibly somewhat overemphasized in the sketch. On a strong 

 delta bars may form rapidly, and the multiplicity of bars with 

 some of inferior level, makes the delta bars, when taken alone, 

 unsafe criteria for determination of the lake levels. 



On the roads i^ miles eastward from State Line the Whittlesey 

 bar lies between the railroads in excellent form at the altitude 

 (aneroid) of 782 feet. The higher Warren carries the "Ridge Road" 

 at 734 feet, while the lower Warren lies lakeward with altitude 715 

 feet. The highway follows the higher Warren east for ^ mile at 

 which point the lower ridge unites with the higher, and on through 

 Ripley village there is only one Warren beach, followed by the 

 main street, with an altitude of 730 feet, and 60 to 70 feet under 

 the Whittlesey. Southwest of Ripley i^ miles the Whittlesey 

 beach is crossed by the Chicago and St Louis (Nickel Plate) Rail- 

 road, and from this point eastward throughout its whole extent in 

 New York it lies above or landward of the railroads. This is the 

 only locality in New York where the traveler on the railroads is able 

 to plainly see the Whittlesey beach, although a trained eye may 

 detect the wave-cut slope between here and Brocton, lying above 

 the Warren bars. 



South of Ripley, lying under a highway, the Whittlesey beach 

 is a broad, low ridge against the morainal slope. Nearer the 

 village the beach falls below the road and farther east it carries 

 the cemetery. The main street of Ripley at the east end of the 

 village lies on the lower Warren, about 15 feet imder the Lake 

 Shore tracks, which are given as 749 feet, making the lower beach 

 734 feet. The Whittlesey lies about on the 800 contour of the 

 topographic sheet. The railroads lie along the higher Warren 

 which they have largely cut away. 



In the stretch of 8 miles from Ripley to Westfield the Whittlesey 

 beach lies against the steep morainal slope and is often weak and 



