30 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [january 



masses, one between Pine and Walloon lakes, another between 

 Bear Valley and Walloon Lake, a third between the latter and the 

 Inland Route, and a fourth north of the Inland Route. Inland 

 Route is a valley extending from Kegomic to Cheboygan, with a 

 continuous water channel running through it, beginning with 

 Round Lake on Little Traverse Bay and emptying through Cheboy- 

 gan River. While the only river of any size is Bear River (flowing 

 through a broad and deep valley northward to Petoskey), many 



- 



small creeks empty into the lakes and into Lake Michigan. 



The topography is irregular and hilly, the upland being mostly 

 highest behind the Algonquin bluff, sloping gradually down to the 

 southeast in the territory south of the Inland Route, and to the 

 northeast in the portion north of the same. The varied glaciated 

 topography suggests wide floristic diversity, combined with youth- 

 ful form (6), and this is the actual state found. The region was 

 entirely covered with forest before settlement; the uplands with the 

 climax maple-beech forest of the region, and the channels like the 

 Bear Valley, together with the swamps and creek valleys, being 

 mostly a continuous stand of Thuja occidentalis L. 



The classification of Cowles (5, 6) has been found more suitable 

 in analyzing the formations of the region, but this may partly be 

 due to the fact that less soil diversity was observed than found by 

 Whitford (25) along Lake Superior, so that an edaphic arrange- 

 ment seemed less desirable. The edaphic factor, however, could 

 not be excluded, as in cases where one type of soil alone was studied 

 (9, p. 46). Coons divides his successions into swamp (lagoon-> 

 forest) and sand (beach->pine barren) series (20, p. 60). 



Upland types preceding climax 



The upland societies remaining include only the late tree stages, 

 the earlier ones being lost. For convenience of treatment similar 

 areas in the older parts of other series will be discussed here. Three 

 apparent stages are seen. 



Pine forest 



Only Pinus Strobus L. and P. resinosa Ait. occur. P. Banksiana 

 Lam. has not been found, although it occurs around the south end 



