i 9 2o] CLA Y BERG— UPLAND SOCIETIES 3 1 



of Lake Michigan, and in the pine barrens of northern Michigan 

 as near as Wolverine in Cheboygan County. In general, the pine 

 occurs in three places: (i) on the high hills back of Walloon Lake, 

 (2) on Algonquin and Nipissing bluffs, and (3) as an early stage in 

 dune forest succession. 



The first location is a xerophy tic open society of red pine sloping 

 southward to the lake. The herbage below is dominated by ericads 

 such as Gaultheria procumbens L. and Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. 

 Occasional artificial clearings show an apparently succeeding stage 

 whose components are crowded and mainly of shrub size. Here 

 Cornus (Bailey i ?) and Viburnum acerifoliutn L. dominate. Follow- 

 ing this is an obviously secondary society (may be absent in the 

 primary series), taller than the preceding one and primarily Betula 

 alba L. var. papyrifera Spach., with a mixture of Populus grandi- 

 dentata Michx. and P. tremuloides Michx. Oak seems to follow. 







The second type, almost entirely white pine, shows the oldest 

 pines seen, growing on slopes approaching 45 , with sparse vegeta- 

 tion below characterized by Solidago racemosa Greene and Shep- 

 herdia canadensis Nutt. The xerophytic conditions here obtaining 

 are indicated by leaves of At alia nudicaulis Li. 12 cm. across and 

 10 cm. tall, as well as by beds of Polytrichum commune L. Where 



pennsyh 



eeding thickets are white birch with some 



mixture 



dominating, but with other conifers present. Among the par- 

 ticularly characteristic undershrubs occurring are Corylus rostrata 

 Ait. and Rosa acicularis LindL, while the herbage is largely of the 

 ericoid type. At Menonaqua the full series is seen, but north of 

 Harbor Springs erosion has eaten back into the pine society; the 

 xerophytic conditions resulting permit persistence of much of the 

 dune flora (telescoped succession)/ 



As at present limited, pine occurs here near water in positions 

 exposed to direct wind and of noticeablv xeroDhvtic nature. 



This 



upland. Transeau (24) believes conifers 



formerly 



the 



shores. 



