i92o] CLAYBERG— UPLAND SOCIETIES 43 



Floristics 



Gates (7) and Coons (20) define many of the societies found in 

 the region discussed here. It is hoped in a later paper to point 

 out the differences observed from the floristic types recorded and 

 described by these authors (i, 19). 



Normal type. — This occupied practically all the uplands of 

 the region before clearing. There are 70-90 per cent sugar maple, 

 5-30 per cent beech, and the hemlock is a constant tree also, running 

 as high as 25 per cent in some localities. Since many of the forests 

 are not strictly undisturbed and hemlock is taken first (for barking), 

 a low percentage or absence of it may be thus explained in some 

 instances. Other trees occur in varying but small proportions, 

 among the more prominent being Tilia americana L., Fraxinus nigra 

 Marsh, Acer s pica turn Lam., A . pennsykanicum L., Ostrya virginiana 

 Koch, Betula alba L. var. papyrijera Spach, Primus pennsylvanica 

 L. f. ? P. virginiana L., Betula lutea Michx. f., Acer rubrum L., Ulmus 

 jnlva Michx., U. americana L., and Staphylea trifolia L. 



As type of this forest a quadrat in the primary undisturbed 

 forest back of Bay View was taken (500 sq. m. in 20 squares). 

 There were 17 big trees here, averaging 47 cm. diameter, making 

 the average area occupied 29 sq. m. ; 8 of these being maple, 5 beech, 

 and 4 hemlock, although the hemlock is more numerous than in 

 much of the nearby woods. Below these trees was a fairly open 

 stand of saplings, those over a meter in height numbering 649; of 

 which 57.3 per cent were sugar maple, 30 . 1 per cent Acer spicaium, 

 6 per cent beech, the other trees present being Acer pennsyhanicum, 

 A . rubrum, Ulmus fulva, and Fraxinus nigra. Their average diame- 

 ter was found to be 1.41 cm.; the average number per square 

 (25 sq. m.) was 32.5. In a square studied near Walloon Lake 

 the number of saplings was 89 and the average diameter 1 . 9 cm. 

 The larger size and number in the latter square were probably 

 because it had no adult trees in or very near it, while the Bay View 

 quadrat had, so that its saplings had received only part of the light 

 and nutrients that would otherwise be available. 



It will be noticed that Acer pennsykanicum and A. spicatum are 

 prominent at age 2 in the first quadrat, and also in some of the 

 climax forest. This is a similar phenomenon, but more accentuated 



