454 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [june 





growth of plant life on the bottom only. The Thornton swamp 

 lies directly south of Chicago and between the Valparaiso moraine 

 and the Calumet beach line. The Furnessville swamp is east of 

 Mineral Springs, and at about the same distance from Lake 

 Michigan. Both of these swamps have reached the forest stage 

 of development, although there may be standing water in the 

 depressions in the early part of the season. The third swamp, that 

 at Wilhelm, is ecologically of a more advanced type. There is 

 little standing water at any time, and the trees (oak, beech, and 

 hard maple) indicate the approach of the climax forest. 



Nearly all of the other associations under consideration are 



moramic 



moraine forming 



borders. Within the Chicago Lake area this till m 



been somewhat 

 sufficient to ent 



On the east bank 



Plaines 



Illinois. Here 



stone which forms several small rock ravines. An abandoned 

 stone quarry in the vicinity, as well as a stone wall at Palos Park 

 and a quarry at Thornton, offer very similar pioneer rock surface 

 habitats. East of Lemont near Palos Park on the edge of the 

 Valparaiso moraine is an upland oak forest which is probably a 

 subclimax forest. Excellent secondary successions in cut-over oak 

 forest in various stages toward reforestation are found south of 

 Lemont near Joliet. East of Joliet along Hickory Creek near New 

 Lenox are much more mesophytic oak-hickory upland forests. 

 At other places we find climax forests of the beech-maple type. 

 At Smith, Indiana, a few miles east of the Wilhelm swamp forest. 



meval 



very 



them without question in the climax area of the eastern United 

 States. Along the Des Plaines River south of the northern 

 boundary of Cook County, near Wheeling. Illinois, are mesophytic 

 forests on uplands in which the presence of Acer saccharum indicates 

 a greater degree of mesophytism than is frequently met with so 

 far west in northern Illinois. No Fagns grandifolia has been 



