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1913] COOPER—ISLE ROYALE 25 
giving practically no shade. Two healthy birches (105 and 107 
years old), close together, produce considerable shade in their 
vicinity. There are several rather old balsams (64-90 years) well 
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Abies balsamea oy Dead stumps 4& 
Picea canadensis | 
Betula alba papyrifera 3 
yrus americana 
Taxus canadensis 
Fic. 6.—Quadrat 1, Smithwick Island: the symbols indicate the species; the 
numbers within them the ages of the trees by tens; for example, a tree marked 6 is 
_ between 61 and 70 years of age. 
scattered over the quadrat, and usually more or less isolated from 
q the smaller growth. The young trees are practically all balsams, 
__ the only representatives of other species being two mountain ash 
