Sa SL a ai 
1913] COOPER—ISLE ROYALE 33 
shelter from wind is very evident in the greater height of the trees. 
The protection which this area enjoys does not by any means 
prevent windfall, but merely lessens its intensity, and allows the 
trees to reach a greater height before they are overthrown. Several 
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symbols see fig. 6. 
Abi ies balsamea 8 zt 
Betula Sioa. sities 1 ; 
maria 
Leer ik (aricina. 1 
Fic. 11.—Quadrat 5, Blake Point Peninsula: age of trees; for explanation of 
standing dead balsams were seen on this quadrat and they were 
frequent through the neighboring forest. On the outer islands 
the balsams almost never die a standing death. Quadrat 5 (fig. 12) 
also shows suppression of part of the stand, the larger trees being 
