38 _ BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
and balsam, and a few balm of Gilead [Populus balsamifera|’’; 
“spruce, balm of Gilead, poplar, balsam, and white birch’’; ‘“‘white 
birch, balsam, and a few large spruce”; ‘‘the white variety of 
spruce of good size was seen continually along the rivers and on 
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Fic. 14.—Ranges of the climax trees of the northeastern conifer forest and the 
eastern deciduous forest. 
ridges back from them. Black spruce, generally scrubby, clothes 
the muskegs..... Birch and balsam are also common on high 
lands.” The black and white spruces are not usually distinguished 
in these reports, but it is clear that the former is the principal tree 
upon the extensive muskeg lands, while the latter is confined to the 
