VOLUME LV NUMBER 2 — 
LIL 
BOTANICAL GAZETTE 
FEBRUARY 10913 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF ARAUCARIA BRASILIENSIS 
I. THE STAMINATE CONE AND MALE GAMETOPHYTE 
L. LANCELOT BURLINGAME 
(WITH ELEVEN FIGURES AND PLATES IV AND V) 
Introduction 
Although wood of the araucarian type, strikingly resembling 
that of the ancient Cordaitales, has been known for a long time and 
has been used as evidence of the antiquity of the araucarians and as 
a proof of their relationship to the Cordaitales, both of these opin- 
ions have been vigorously challenged. It has been asserted that 
they are less ancient than the Abietineae and are derived from them 
(7,9); that possibly they are not related to other gymnosperms at 
all and have been derived from a lycopod ancestry (17, 18, 20); 
that “the geological claim for the great antiquity of the Abietineae 
thus fails on critical study of the two forms upon which it is 
based” (27); that “the ancient geological and widely separated 
geographical distribution (of Araucarineae), the large micro- 
sporangiate cones in comparison with the megasporangiate cones, 
the evident transition between the sporophylls and the foliage 
leaves are indications of an interesting and probably primitive 
group. The anatomy of the microsporophylls and megasporo- 
phylls indicates that they are homologous structures, functionally 
differentiated” (26); that ‘unfortunately, no teratological phe- 
nomena, on which he always laid great stress, were known in the 
Araucariae, but they were in the Abietineae and showed that 
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