194 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [MARCH 
spike-rush) and Eguisetum fluviatile L. (scouring rush). Here we 
have the very beginning of the sedge mat, Carex filiformis being 
the most important mat-builder in most of the Isle Royale bogs. 
Next came a nearly bare level sandy shore 1-3 m. wide, at the upper 
edge of which began a second belt of bog vegetation. A line of 
depauperate Menyanthes with rootstocks creeping out over the gravel 
formed the lowest portion. It is probable that there has been 
a slight recent change of level in Amygdaloid Lake and that the 
Menyanthes marks the height of the former water surface. Above 
the Menyanthes was an area peopled by a number of species belong- 
ing partly to the bog forest and partly to the climax forest. These 
are as follows: Lycopodium annotinum L. (stiff club moss), Smila- 
cina trifolia (L.) Desf. (three-leaved Solomon’s seal), Chiogenes 
hispidula (L.) T. & G. (snowberry), Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) 
Nutt. (skunk cabbage), Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (goldthread), 
Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehder (twin-flower), 
Pyrola secunda L. (shin leaf), Cornus canadensis L. (bunch-berry), 
Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh (star-flower), Maianthemum 
canadense Desf. (two-leaved Solomon’s seal), Mitella nuda L. 
(mitrewort), Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray (one-flowered wintergreen). 
This low vegetation was nearly smothered by a dense growth of 
sphagnum, much of it very young. The Lycopodium, which was 
the most abundant species of the list given above, showed only the 
tips of its branches except along the edge of the sphagnum mass, 
where thick clusters of new shoots projected from beneath the 
moss. The plants of Coptis were many of them buried up to the 
leaves. Upon the surface of the sphagnum grew Drosera rotundi- 
folia L. (sundew) and Linnaea. A low beach ridge supported the 
most luxuriant sphagnum growth, which was occasionally as much 
as 0.3m. deep, especially where it surrounded shrubs and tall 
grasses. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Agrostis hyema- 
lis (Walt.) BSP, Iris versicolor L., Campanula uliginosa Rydb. 
(bog bell-flower) grew here, and also Alnus incana (L.) Moench. 
(hoary alder). It is noteworthy that everywhere along the shore, 
except where the sphagnum has become established, Alnus crispa 
rather than A. incana forms the forest margin. In and around the 
sphagnum grew a few bog trees, Larix 1-3 m. in height, and young 
