1913] BOWER—SIR JOSEPH HOOKER 387 
in London. It was Sir CHARLES LYELL and Sir JosepH HOOKER 
who jointly, and with the author’s permission, communicated the 
_ two papers to the society, together with the evidence of the priority 
of DARWIN in the inquiry. Nothing could then have been more 
apposite than the personal history which Sir JosEPH gave at the 
DaRWIN-WALLACE celebration, held by the Linnaean Society in 
1908. He then told, at first hand, the exact circumstances under 
which the joint papers were produced. Nor could the expressions: 
used by the President when thanking Sir Josepn, and presenting 
to him the DARwin-WALLACE Medal, have been improved. He 
said: ‘‘The incalculable benefit that your constant friendship, 
advice, and alliance were to Mr. DARWIN himself, is summed up 
in his own words, used in 1864: ‘You have represented for many 
years the whole great public to me.’”” The President then added: 
“Of all men living it is to you more than to any other that the 
great generalization of DARWIN and WALLACE. owes its triumph.’” 
aving thus sketched the intimate relations which subsisted 
between Hooker and Darwny, it remains to appraise his own 
positive contributions to philosophical biology. He himself, in 
his address as President of the British Association at Norwich 
in 1868, gives an insight into his early attitude in the inquiry into 
biological questions. ‘‘Having myself,’ he says, ‘‘been a student 
of moral philosophy in a northern university, I entered on my 
scientific career full of hopes that metaphysics would prove a useful 
mentor, if not a guide in science. I soon found, however, that it 
availed me nothing, and I long ago arrived at the conclusion so 
well put by Acassiz, when he says ‘We trust that the time is not 
distant when it will be universally understood that the battle of 
the evidences will have to be fought on the field of physical science, 
and not on that of the metaphysical.’”’ This was the difficult 
lesson of the period when evolution was born. Hooker learned 
the lesson early. He cleared his mental outlook from all precon- 
ceptions, and worked down to the bed-rock of objective fact. Thus 
he was free to use his vast and detailed knowledge in advancing, 
along the lines of induction alone, toward sound generalizations. 
These had their very close relation to questions of the mutability 
of species. The subject was approached by him through the study 
