IN TERNATIONAL RULES FOR BOTANICAL 
NOMENCLATURE 
ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS, VIENNA, 1905. 
* 
I. General Considerations and leading Principles. 
Article 1. Natural history can make no progress without a 
regular system of nomenclature, which is recognized and used by 
the great majority of naturalists in all countries. 
Article 2. The prescriptions which govern the exact system 
of botanical nomenclature are divided into principles, rules, and 
recommendations. The principles (Articles 1-9, 10-14, and 15-18) 
are the foundation of the rules and recommendations. The rules 
(Articles 10-58), destined to put i in order the nomenclature which 
_the past has bequeathed to us, and to form the basis for the future, 
me @ W. 
copy, but cannot be rejecte 
Article 3. The rules of nomenclature should neither be arbi- 
trary nor imposed by authority. They must be simple and founded 
on considerations clear and forcible enough for everyone to compre- 
hend, and be disposed to accept. 
Article 4. The essential points in nomenclature are—(1) to 
aim at fixity of names; (2) to avoid or to reject the use of forms 
and names which may cause error or ambiguity, or throw science 
into confusion. 
Next in importance is the avoidance of all useless creation of 
ames. 
Other considerations, such as absolute Bases correctness, 
ccemear or euphony of names , more or less prevailing custom 
respect for persons, &c., pcbeiiienimndas their undeniable import- 
ico, ey relatively accessory. 
Article 5. Nocustom — to rule can be Sg iz ‘ a 
_to confusion or error. ustom o n- 
venience of this kind it may be ; eel for exoeptionia whieh 3 we 
must, however, abstain from extending or copying. Finally, in the 
Journat or Borany, 1906. [Supriement II.] a 
