Igtt] MILLER—ORIGIN OF CHLOROPLASTS 381 
divisions. He believed that the greening of these numerous small 
bodies led the earlier investigators to the conclusion that the 
chloroplast originates directly from the protoplasm of the cells 
of the seedling. It is worthy of note that BrREpow worked with 
Lupinus luteus, a seed in which BELtzuNG found no chloroplasts 
at all. 
FAMINTZIN (Q) investigated the origin of chloroplasts in seed- 
lings, and especially the manner in which the chloroplasts, if present 
in the seed, divide. He selected as his material for investigation 
the seeds and seedlings of the sunflower, using the fresh material 
of seeds and of 16 and 24-hour seedlings. By ZIMMERMAN’S 
method he was unable to distinguish the small aleurone grains 
and particles of proteid from the chloroplasts, since the whole cell 
content stained red. He then originated a modification of this 
method by treating the sections previous to fixing and staining 
with acetic acid. The sections were left in 1 per cent acetic 
acid for 24 hours, or less for a stronger solution of the acid, and 
were then fixed and stained according to the method of ZrmMER- 
MAN. By this means the protein granules and grains remained 
colorless or were only faintly colored red, while the chloroplasts 
and other protoplasmic structures were stained a deep red. In 
this way FAMINTZIN was able to make out the chloroplasts in the 
resting seed and during the early stages of the germination. Some 
of the chloroplasts in the resting seed are in the cytoplasm lining 
the cell wall, but by far the greater part of them, according to 
him, are in the film of protoplasm which surrounds the protein 
grains. Upon placing fresh sections of the material in the light, 
he observed that these small bodies on the protein grains took on 
a yellowish or brownish color. By identifying these bodies in the 
young stages of the seedlings, FAMINTZIN concluded that the seeds 
of the sunflower contain chloroplasts, and that these by simple 
fission give rise to those of the seedling. 
The seeds for the following investigation were planted in white 
quartz sand and placed in the greenhouse at a temperature of 
65-75° F. At intervals of 12 hours the seedlings were taken up, 
and parts of the cotyledons near the middle were placed in the 
fixing material. This was carried on until the plants were above 
