Tort] HOW E—EVERNIA 433 
its close relation to Alectoria, as Evernia trulla (Ach.) Mont. likewise suggests 
a Cetrarian relationship, through Platysma everniellum Nyl., etc. Dr, ZAHL- 
BRUCKNER has placed furfuracea with the Parmelias, but has left prunastri 
with this genus. To me this seems inconsistent, as both are structurally 
bifacial,s though the former rarely shows a few rhizinae. He has also in- 
cluded divaricata under his Letharia, separating it thus generically from 
prunastri. 
From the foregoing observations it is evident that this complex genus 
presents a transitional thalline condition, which though undeserving separation, 
as already pointed out, will be made more clear perhaps, if three sectional 
distinctions are fndicnted in our nomenclature. This was done in part by 
. Fries in 1871. 
Section: LetHaria Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 32. 1871 
Phallus subradial, medulla cottonous, coalescent into axtal strands 
EVERNIA VULPINA (L.) Ach. 
Type: Not indicated; the specimen on which LinnaEus based his species 
is in the Dillenian herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Oxford, England, and accord- 
ing to Crompre and earlier writers is “ Physcia flavicans (Sw.)’ =T{hlelo- 
Schistes chrysophthalmus var. flavicans (Ach.) Tuck. All the pre-Linnaean 
botanists referred to the same Dillenian plate and specimen, and were followed 
by Linnaeus. VILLARS in 1789, however, described diagnostically the true 
Evernia from Briancgon, France, basing his species on HALLEY, who ques- 
tioned his own reference to the Dillenian plate. Sowerrsy, E. Fries, and 
other authors previous to Og were aware of the Linnaean ee 
RIES, however, followed AcHARtUS, as have all since, saluting the Ever 
by the name vulpina. As the “Ulf-Mossa, ” however, according to nacuibex, 
is a common plant in Scandinavia, and flavicans not only is not listed but is 
an austral species, it seems probable that Lrynarus gave the name to the 
Proper plant, and his reference to the Teloschistes was an error. WAtNIO also 
States that in the Linnaean herbarium “78 Lichen vulpinus= Evernia vulpina 
Ach.”* The substrate given for vulpina by LINNAEUS is certainly more char- 
acteristic of the Evernia than of flavicans, i.e., “tectis, ligneis, muris.” The 
name vulpina has stood now for nearly two centuries, and on account of the 
Linnaean error it would seem inadvisable to drop it for aurata of VILLARS,5 
Scape 
3" Facie di issimilis,” Hur, Nouv. Arch. Hist. Nat. 8:(4) 119. 1899; “‘dorsiventral,” 
ZAHLBRUCKNER , Nat. Pflanz. 217. 1907. 
4 Meddel. an pro Fauna et Flora fennica 14:10. 1886. 
* Professor MrranpE, Université de Grenoble in litt. states that VILLARs’ type 
is not now in the remains of his herbarium in the Museum of the Ville de Grenoble; 
See Nytanper, Bull. Bot. Soc. France 10: 954. 1863. 
