tort] HOW E—EVERNIA 439 
which it in some degree suggests, on account of its annularly scarred thallus. 
The soft, cottonous, compressed medulla is at once seen, however, to be very 
unlike the terete, chondroid cord of Usnea. Like thamnodes, this species and 
vulpina have what has been considered a radial thallus. The structure cannot 
be said, however, to be strictly radial, and intergrades both individually and 
in species relation. 
aa 
EVERNIA FURFURACEA (L.) Mann. 
Type: Not indicated; the specimen on which Linnaeus based his species 
is not in the Dillenian herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Oxford, England, “but 
two specimens which are there are smaller and sterile, though sufficiently 
typical” according to CRomBIE. According to Watnto “33 Lichen furfura- 
ceus=Evernia furfuracea Mann.,” as represented in the Linnaean herbarium. 
TypicaL Locauity: “Europae.”’ 
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: “foliaceus decumbens furfuraceus: laciniis acutis: 
subtus lacunosis atris,” Linn. Spec. Pl. 2:1146. 1753. 
FIGurRE: [Ditt., Hist. Muse. pl. 21. f. 52. 1741]; Horr., Descript. et 
adnum. Lich. pl. 9. f. 2. 1790. 
Synonymy: Lichen furfuraceus Linn. tbid.; Evernia furfuracea Mann. 
Lich. in Boh. obs. despos. suc. des. 105. 1825. 
Diacnosis: Thallus caespitose or subpendulous, compressed (bifacial) 
and channeled, furfuraceous-isidioid, cinereous. 
Description: typical. Thallus prostrate, caespitose, or sub- 
pendulous, compressed, pliant, channeled below; cortex above 
furfuraceous to isidioid, below lacunose; above cinereous, below 
white, at length blackening; primary branches dichotomous, sub- 
pinnate (max. length 15 cm.); secondary branches much divided, 
apices furcate or tripartate. Apothecia marginal, subpedicellate, 
ample (max. diameter 1.7 cm.), disk chestnut. Spores 5.5-8X 
3-5-5 HB. 
CONTINGENT PHASES: reduced, sterile (boreal swamps in Tran- 
Sition regions). 
SuBstRAta: Coniferous and deciduous trees. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found throughout the Transition zone as 
far south as Bergen, New Jersey (Eckfeldi); Albany, New York; Pike Co., 
Penn.; Ohio (Bogue); Walker Mts., Smyth Co., Virginia; Grandfather 
(Cummings) and‘Crowden Mts., N.C.; Florida (Calkins); Tennessee (Moore) ; 
rizaba Mt., Mexico (Stone). Westward it extends to Minnesota (Fink). 
Tt reaches northward only to the lower limits of the Boreal zone, practically all 
Pine (over 3000 ft.) examples being referable to the following variety. 
