VOLUME LVII NUMBER I 
Lie 
BOTANICAL GAZETTE 
FANUARY ror4 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNOLIA AND LIRIODEN- 
DRON, INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE 
PRIMITIVENESS OF THE MAGNOLIACEAE* 
WILLIS EDGAR MANEVAL 
(WITH PLATES I-IIt) 
The recently announced theories of ARBER and PARKIN, 
especially as developed in their paper ‘‘On the origin of angio- 
sperms”’ (2), make it desirable that more detailed work be done 
on the Magnoliaceae and related groups. Besides, as the embryo 
sac of only one species of the Magnoliaceae, Drimys Winteri (29), 
has ever been studied, it seemed probable that an investigation 
of other genera of this family, from this point of view, might be 
of value in several ways, but especially in furnishing either positive 
or negative evidence concerning the primitiveness of this family. 
In the present study of Magnolia virginiana L. and Liriodendron — 
TulipiferaL. two objects have been kept in mind: (1) the determina- 
tion of the course of development of the sporogenous tissues and 
of the mature gametophytes, and also the examination of certain 
points concerning the gross structure and anatomy of these forms; 
(2) a consideration of the primitiveness of the Magnoliaceae on 
the basis of the evidence gained by such investigation, and of 
present prevailing theories respecting the origin of angiosperms. 
The collection of material was begun in December of 1910 and 
was continued at intervals of generally two or three weeks until 
* Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, 
I 
