1914] WINTON—ALFALFA AND CLOVERS 57 
with very thin walls, frequently side by side in rows, each cell 
containing a single crystal, and fibers (f) with rather blunt ends 
and pitted walls, the number of pits being most numerous in fibers 
with the thickest walls. 
Endocarp (iep).—A single layer of epidermal cells without 
stomata completes the pericarp. 
SPERMODERM (fig. 5, S; fig. 6).—The palisade cells (pal) are 
upward of 35 uw high and 8-10 uw broad, with rounded outer ends 
and a thin cuticle. A narrow light line (J), situated about 7 u 
within the outer end, can be easily seen in cross section. As is 
3) c.ge? 
Fic. 5.—Alfalfa: seed in cross Fic. 6.—Alfalfa: elements of seed in 
section; S, spermoderm consists of _ surface view; pal", outer palisade cells; pal?, 
palisade cells (pal) with cuticle (cut) inner palisade cells; sub, subepidermal layer 
and light line (J), subepidermal layer _(hour-glass cells), and ", p*, parenchyma of 
(hour-glass cells) (sub), and paren- spermoderm; ep, epidermis, and , paren- 
chyma (~); E, endosperm; C, coty- chyma of endosperm; X 160. 
ledon with epidermis (e p) and aleurone 
grains (al); 160, 
“ 
usual in legumes, the outer cell walls are greatly thickened, showing 
a radiating cavity (pal*) in surface view, while the inner portion 
of the cells has thinner walls and correspondingly broader lumen 
(pal?). 
Subepidermal cells (sub).—These cells, although only about 
6 uw high over the greater part of the seed, are very broad (upward 
of 304) and are especially striking because of their prominent 
ribs clearly evident in surface view, where they present a beautiful 
radiating effect. In cross section they show evidence of the hour- 
glass form so characteristic of many legumes, the inner ends being 
broader than the outer. 
