58 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
The parenchyma (p) consists of several layers of compressed 
cells. The outer layers are of simple thin-walled parenchyma 
without intercellular spaces (~"), while the inner layers are often 
distinctly spongy with evident intercellular spaces (9°). 
ENpDOSPERM (fig. 5, E; fig. 6).—A simple epidermal layer (e?) 
containing aleurone grains is followed by several layers of large, 
more or less collapsed, empty cells with thin walls ($3). 
Emprvo (fig. 5, C).—The cotyledons have a small-celled epi- 
dermis and mesophyll containing aleurone grains (a/) but no starch. 
Palisade cells underlie the inner epidermis. 
Red clover 
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is indigenous to Europe and 
is extensively grown for fodder in the United States, where it also 
grows spontaneously, having escaped from cultivation. 
The pubescent stems are ascending, with 3-foliate toothed 
leaves, each oval leaflet often being notched at the apex and marked 
on the upper surface with a whitish spot. The rose-red flowers 
are borne in a dense sessile head closely surrounded by the upper- 
most leaves. The persistent calyx, with 5 bristle-like teeth and a 
bearded ring in the throat, is nearly as long as the delicate papilio- 
naceous corolla, which is tubular below and withers after flowering. 
The pod differs from alfalfa in that it is one-seeded, straight, and 
flattened oval, with a very thin membranous lower half and hard 
caplike top. The seeds are slightly smaller than those of alfalfa, 
averaging 2 mm. in length. They are flattened kidney-shaped or 
rounded triangular with unequal sides one of which is concave. 
The color varies through light yellow to purple, the individual seeds 
being uniform in color or variegated. 
HIsToLocy 
SteM.—The epidermal cells are longitudinally elongated with 
straight walls, often beaded especially just below the nodes, and 
a striated cuticle. Interspersed among these cells are numerous 
stomata and both unicellular and capitate hairs. The unicellular 
hairs, like those on the leaf, are long, thick-walled, warty, and 
