22 The Nature and Origin of Stipules. 



Franke, Martin. — Bertrage Zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsge- 

 schichte der Stellaten. Bot. Zeit., 54: 33-60. 1896. 



In the part of this paper which treats of the development of 

 the leaf-whorl the author agrees with Eichler that the stipules or- 

 iginate later than the principal leaves. But he says that in the 

 species having four-leaved whorls never more than four promi- 

 nences arise to develop into the parts of the whorl, and that if 

 the parts number six or more, there is a distinct prominence 

 for each. In the last case the supernumerary stipules first make 

 their appearance in the course of development of the whorl a 

 little later than the first pair of stipules. 



Hollick, Arthur. — Appendages to the Petioles of Liriodendra. Bull. 

 Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 249. 1896. 



The author, referring to his former paper, describes and figures 

 some abnormal leaves of Liriodendron collected from saplings, 

 seedlings and new shoots from old stumps. One in particular of 

 these leaves is of interest on account of its similarity to the 

 fossil leaves of Liriophyllum populoides Lesq. both in the form of 

 the lamina and especially in having a short petiole with broadly 

 winged margins which extend from the base of the petiole and 

 connect with the base of the leaf-blade. 



The question is put whether in this case we have " stipules ad- 

 nate to the petiole and leaf-blade, or portions of the leaf-blade 

 which are acting the part of stipular appendages." 



Such, in brief, is the import of what has been written on the 

 subject of stipules, so far as I have been able to learn. The re- 

 sults of my own observations are not at variance to any very con- 

 siderable degree with the opinions of most of the botanists who 

 have studied the subject carefully, as will appear from the 

 following exposition of my investigations and the conclusions 

 at which I have arrived. To these I shall pass at once, deeming 

 unnecessary farther comment on previous writings, except such as 

 the statement of my results may imply. 



The Nature and Origin of Stipules. 



Though it is not part of the purpose of this paper to discuss 

 the problem of the phylogenjr of the plant world, it is nevertheless 

 necessary in order to define our field of inquiry to make a brief 

 statement concerning the probable relationship of the higher 

 forms, namely of those in which foliar organs are developed, in- 



