6 The Nature and Origin of Stipules. 



Henry, A. — Eecherches sur les bourgeons. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. 18 :625- 

 540. 1836. (Cited by Clos in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 26 : 193. 1879.) 



Henry says that he recognizes in the Betulacese and Cupuliferse 

 that the bud-scales are formed by stipules in an anamorphosed 

 condition, and that in Platanus they are formed by the ochrea as 

 he terms the basal foliar appendage in this genus. 



JLestiboudois, Them. — Etudes sur l'anatomie et la physiologie des 

 vegetaux. 1840; (Cited by himself in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 4 : 746-747. 1857. ) 



The author states that he has shown that stipules are parts of 

 the leaf, formed by the bundles or lateral fibers of these organs, 

 whether they arise from bundles not yet having left the stem, from 

 anastomosing arcades which unite the leaves as in the Stellatse, or 

 from the fibres of the petiole, as in the aclnate stipules of Rosaceae, 

 or whether they are in part supplied by bundles directly from the 

 cauline cylinder, as in Platanus. 



In relation to the tendril in the Cucurbitaceae, he states that its 

 bundles are derived from those which pertain to the axillary bud ; 

 that it is therefore not a stipule, but the first foliar appendage of 

 the axillary branch for its fibro-vascular bundles are not disposed 

 like those of stems, but are analogous with those of petioles. 



St. Hilaire, Aug. — Lecons de Botanique. 170, 1840. (Quoted by 

 Colomb in Ann. Sci. Nat. (VII), 6 : 28. 1P87. ) 



It is stated that the tendrils of Smilax are to be considered as 

 lateral leaflets of a compound leaf. 



Agardh, J. €c. — Ueber die Nebenblatter der Pflanzen. (Reviewed by 

 Fries and Wablberg in Flora, 33 : 758-761. 1850. ) 



Agardh believes that, although stipules have been considered as 

 degenerate appendages of the leaf or modifications of it, they are 

 not at all a part of the leaf because they are formed before it, and 

 must be considered as independent organs. The outer bud-scales 

 and also the protective coverings of the earliest shoots of a plant 

 are a kind of stipule-formation, leading to the conclusion that in 

 the lower part of a shoot or the outer part of a bud the stipule- 

 formation preponderates, and in the upper or inner parts, the leaf- 

 formation, so that often at the lowest nodes the leaf does not de- 

 velop and at the upper stipules are absent. In Tussilago there 

 are special leafy shoots and the flowering shoots are provided 

 with stipules only. 



