The Nature and Origin of Stipules. 



A Review op Important Literature Pertaining to Stipules. 



Owing to the fact that a large part of the literature pertaining 

 to stipules is inaccessible to the majority of botanical students, 

 scattered as it is, for the most part, in the journals of various 

 scientific bodies, it has seemed desirable to preface the considera- 

 tion of the results of my research on the question of the Nature and 

 Origin of Stipules with a brief summary, in chronological order, 

 of the publications having reference to the general subject of 

 stipules. I have, however, omitted mention of their consideration 

 in sj'stematic works and the general allusions and definitions as 

 they occur in most general works on the Spermatophyta together 

 with their special consideration in individual species and groups 

 except in the most important cases. 



Stipules have not received a veiy large degree of attention from 

 botanists apart from their morphology as used in classification 

 and the publications to be considered are not very numerous, 

 but it is thought that a review of those following will be profita- 

 ble and of general interest : 



Malpiglii, Marcello. — Opera omnia, 22-39. 1686. 



This is one of the earliest works in which stipules are treated. 

 A considerable number are figured and described under the name 

 offoliola caduca. 



Linnaeus, Carolus. — Philosophica Botanica, 50. 1751. 

 A general definition is given of stipules as scales borne at the 

 base of the petiole. Buds are spoken of as formed by stipules, by 

 petioles, or by rudiments of leaves. 



Linnaeus, CarolllS. — Prselectiones in ordines naturales plantarum, 520. 

 1792. (Cited by Hanstein in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 77. 1857. ) 



In speaking of the whorled leaves of the Stellatse, Linnaeus 

 says that only two of these leaves are tjcue leaves, the remainder 

 are stipules which have grown to the same size as the leaves. 



De Candolle, Augustin P. — Theorie de la Botanique, 364. 1819. 



The stipule is defined as a foliaceous appendage or accessory 

 leaf situated at the base of certain leaves. The stipel, first so 

 named by De Candolle, is defined as a stipule placed on the com- 

 mon petiole at the base of the leaflets. 



