30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



8 The presence of innumerable kettles in the smooth eastern, 

 plains, showing the subjugation by standing waters of the ice-laid 

 or moraine drift. 



9 The admitted delta terraces or sand plains on the north side 

 of the island, and on the north side of the latest moraine, at the 

 theoretic altitude of the marine plane. 



10 The occurrence of fine, evenly bedded sands containing boul- 

 ders, evidentl)^ rafted, in low valleys in the moraines; the valleys 

 opening freely southward. 



Staten Island District 



In the region of New York City and southward where the waters 

 were shallow and of diminishing depth, with fluctuating levels, it 

 is to be expected that the amount of submergence can not be easily 

 determined. But the erosional work and smoothing effect of stand- 

 ing water is evident. 



The writer has not made any study of Staten island or in New 

 Jersey except along the northern boundary. Confidence has been 

 placed in the published descriptions of Merrill (30-32), Ries 

 (33-36), and Salisbury (41-43). West of the Palisades the low- 

 lands exhibit clear evidence of water action since the ice sheet 

 withdrew. Over the till, colored red by the debris of the Newark 

 beds, lie abundant water-laid, yellow sands. In the Hackensack 

 valley the evidence of standing water is clear up to the theoretic 

 plane of submergence. The silt plains are found to the head of 

 the Hackensack river, near the Short Clove and Long Clove. Pro- 

 fessor Salisbury gives many references to the presence of water 

 as the latest occupant of the territory. 



Along the Hudson in the district of New York, and in West- 

 chester county, the records of standing water were conclusive to 

 the earlier students. In the last four decades the great expansion 

 of commerce, business and building operations has obliterated many 

 features. " Civilization " and " progress " have little care for such 

 " impractical " matters as the geologic records. It has not been 

 practicable for the writer to use the time that would be necessary 

 to study closely this difficult area, but the testimony of the able 

 men named above is regarded sufficient to prove the fact of recent 

 submergence in the New York City district. 



Hudson Valley 

 Tarrytozvn sheet. South of Ossining close study may find some- 

 remnants of deposits left, either by the glacial outwash or the land 



