lO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Streams extending" their flow and spreading coarse detritus over 

 earlier deep-water deposits. The heavier clay areas are the deltas 

 of the larger tributary rivers, where the detritus of land drainage 

 was added to the glacial contribution. 



It is probable that in some sections of the Hudson valley the 

 clay strata extended entirely across the channel, and that the present 

 beds are only remnants of the original deposits. Certainly the 

 clays were laid down in water of depth sufficient to give verv^ quiet 

 conditions, but now tliey lie far above the water. In the section of 

 the valley at Newburgh, Kingston and Catskill the homogeneous 

 brick clays extend up to over lOO feet above the Avater, and in 

 places have a thickness of 140 feet. The map of isobases (plate 9) 

 shows a total uplift at Kingston of about 200 feet, which aftords 

 the requisite depth for accumulation of the thick deposit. 



In the Connecticut valley the m.assive clays extend far north. At 

 Wells River, Vermont, the top of a pit by a brick factory is 535 

 feet above tide, and the uplift of the locality has been about 650 

 feet. At Waterbury, on the Winooski river, at least 70 feet of 

 clay is exposed, reaching up to about 510 feet, and lying on about 

 the same isobase as Wells River. Any number of localities might 

 be cited to prove from thick clay deposits the fact of deep water^ 

 and showing the correspondence of the present altitude with the 

 amount of land uplift since glacial time. 



Details concerning the Pludson clays' w^ill be found in Ries's 

 articles (33-36), and with regard to depth and distribution in the 

 paper of C. C. Jones (40). 



2 Summit Shore Phenomena 



Evidences of high-level standing water throughout the great 

 valley, and at heights now far above sea level, are obtrusive to even 

 the casual observer. Some careful study reveals that the summit 

 plane of the raised shore line is practically continuous from Staten 

 island to Canada. The only long breaks in the line of summit 

 features are along the Palisades and in the narrow mountain sec- 

 tions of the valley, in the Highlands and the Wliitehall district,, 

 where the steep rock walls gave no lodgment for the meager amount 

 of either glacial or stream drift. On Manhattan island and about 

 New York bay the building operations and " improvement " have 

 largely destroyed or obscured the water inscriptions of the geologic 

 record. 



Woodworth records terraces in New Jersey with altitude of 40 

 feet (82, page 88) ; on Long Island, up to 80 feet (page 91, and 51, 



