50 ■ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



part of the sheet (Morey Ridge for example) to a trifle east of 

 south on the parallel of Canton. All this accords with theoretical 

 expectation. 



Over most of the quadrangle the depth of moraine is great, and 

 exposures are very few. On the entire Paleozoic area, all the hills 

 are drumlins, or at least drift in some form. This drift is very 

 stony, with crystalline boulders from Canada, and slabs of Pale- 

 ozoic limestones and sandstones. It is also very sandy, lacking 

 clayey stiffening because of absence of shales to contribute such. 

 In the southern third of the sheet, the crystalline district, the rock 

 surfaces are more extensively bared and scrubbed, but occasional 

 drumlins and much ground moraine exist all through. Waterman 

 hill is one of the largest of these drumlinized masses. Kame gravels 

 are found chiefly in small patches, but the Beach plains (see 

 beyond) and its feeding esker represent constructional work by 

 waters of glacial melting, such as exists more abundantly in the 

 Colton region immediately east of our sheet. Erratic boulders 

 reach huge proportions along the southern margin of the map, 

 sometimes as large as haystacks. (Plate ii ; also plate 2.) 



Nearly all the glacial constructional features have been subse- 

 quently softened or modified by the action of static waters about 

 to be mentioned. 



Postglacial Shorelines^ 



The blockade of the lower St Lawrence valley by the waning 

 ice sheet produced a lowering succession of glacial lakes, whose 

 beaches encircle our steeper hill slopes and blend with delta plains 

 at the crossings of the stream valleys. These beaches are those 

 of " Lake Iroquois," at 860 to 890 feet present altitude, and lower, 

 " Lake Emmons " at 690 feet, and " Lake Vermont " ranging down- 

 ward from 600 to about 500 feet. At still lower levels, from about 

 460 feet downward, are the undoubtedly marine beaches of " Gil- 

 bert gulf " (Woodworth's Hochelagan sea) representing a slow 

 postglacial uplift of our region out of the ocean. ^ Professor Fair- 



^ Attention should be called here to Cushing's acute early observations 

 on these phenomena (50th Rep't N". Y. State Mus., 2:7) which consider- 

 ably antedated those of Professor Fairchild and the writer but were not 

 known to the latter when he entered the region ten years later. 



' These have furnished salt-water shells such as Macoma, Saxicava 

 etc., and even barnacles, at Massena, Norwood, Ogdensburg, and other 

 points adjacent to our quadrangle. 



