SIXTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I9O9 65 



enemies, or accomplishing desires which affect the entire body 

 of people. The council would thus beget leadership and govern- 

 ment. 



Personal welfare, primarily, and group welfare, secondarily, 

 being the consuming desire of men, every means real or fanciful, 

 is sought to secure its attainment. A belief in supernatural 

 agencies and the development of men who assume and are as- 

 sumed to know something of these supernatural potencies, gives 

 rise to certain rites and ceremonies thought to be conducive 

 of welfare — luck or health as the case may be. Ceremony and 

 religion thus enter into the life of ethnic groups with all their 

 concomitants. 



Social life so far advanced presupposes the existence of pro- 

 ductive arts, that is to say industries by which implements, 

 utensils, weapons, clothing, ornaments and other useful objects 

 are manufactured. The character of these artifacts and of the 

 methods of their production differ as the cultural stage, the 

 cultural degree and the individual group development differ. 



Up to this point the social group has nothing to localize it. The 

 group may be nomadic for neither hunting, warfare, counciling, 

 ceremony nor industry postulate sedentary life. Such life com- 

 mences with some activity thought vital to group welfare and in- 

 separable because of its character from a locality. Agriculture is 

 such an activity and in agriculture we have the basis of group 

 stability and group sedentarism. It confines a group of families 

 to a certain general locality for at least a season. It creates com- 

 munity interest and crystalizes the group. With this development 

 the people would cling to a locality for an appreciable period unless 

 driven out by hostile groups or other causes. 



In the lower stages of culture where agriculture has developed 



we find that villages take growth. Instead of a place of wanderers' 



tents or hunters' tepees we find houses of more or less stability. 



Trails or roads are built from village to village. Travel and traffic 



-commence; civilization is now a mere matter of growth. 



Upon the foregoing hypotheses the Archeologist has planned the 

 character of the figure groups by which the ethnology of the Iro- 

 quois will be illustrated. Casts of the Iroquois Indians in various 

 positions are being made and arranged in groups. These groups 

 will illustrate the various life activities incident to the Iroquois 

 culture. Our groups will differ from other ethnological groups in 

 other museums in that a cycloramic painting will form the back- 



