HASEMAN, GEOGRAPHICAL D I ST RIB UTION IN 80 VTH AMERICA 21 



gation, for later work may establish Tertiary deposits in at least part of 

 this region, especially if we accept Professor Branner's view of its 

 stratigraphy. 8 



Marine Tertiary fossils have been reported from Entre Bios, the Pam- 

 pas and part of the Gran Chaco of Argentina; from the eastern base of 

 the Andes, extending into the plains of Patagonia and as far south as 

 Tierra del Fuego ; from narrow belts along the coast of Peru and Chili ; 

 from the lower Orinoco valley; from Pebas, Pern, down Eio Solomoes as 

 far as Sao Paulo cle Olivenca, and from Canama on Eio Javary and prob- 

 ably from the region of Eio Acre, Brazil, and Santa Maria, Catamarca, 

 west of Jejuhy in northern Argentina. The locations of these formations 

 are shown on Plate X. 9 



TREND LINES 



The trend lines of South America are about parallel to the coast, ex- 

 cepting in the region of Pernambuco and Ceara, Brazil. In this region, 

 they appear to be fan-shaped. In regard to this most interesting region, 

 I can do no better than quote a letter from Mr. E. Crandall, of the 

 Brazilian Geological Survey, who has explored this region during the 

 past four years : 



"The general trend lines through all of the State of Bahia, as you will re-, 

 member, are northwest-southeast and north into northeast-southwest. These 

 lines get lost as we get farther north, and the trend of the coast itself changes 

 north of Pernambuco. The change in the trend of the coast is accompanied by 

 a similar change in the direction of the Serra da Borborema. The Serra da 

 Borborema is more properly an eroded mass than a structural line, though it 

 conforms quite closely to the general trend of this region. 



"I consider the lines in the Ceara, Rio Grande and Parahyba true structural 

 lines, as they are long lines of intruded granites and allied or similar rocks 

 which indicate intrusions on or along lines of previous weakness. Part of these 

 lines are indicated by the Ceara series of rocks which I have correlated with 

 the Jacobina series of Bahia and with the Minas or iron-bearing series of Minas 

 Geraes. 



"I have never properly understood the forces that formed this fan-shape in 

 northeastern Brazil. Just at what age it came is hard to say, as the age of the 

 latest folded rock, the so-called Ceara series, is about Cambrian (for all we 

 know, even pre-Cambrian). I believe that Derby considers the granites of 

 southeastern Brazil to be post-Devonian, and I believe that these northern 



8 It does not make any great difference, as far as the present conclusions are con- 

 cerned, whether marine Tertiary does or does not exist in the above region. Professor 

 Derby (1907) also expresses some doubt about the existence of marine Tertiary in the 

 said portion of Brazil. 



9 It is beyond the scope of this thesis to attempt to discuss in detail any of these for- 

 mations, excepting that of Alto Rio Amazonas. The necessity of this preliminary sketch 

 will become evident after the reader has considered the ensuing topics. What has been 

 land and sea is important from the standpoint of animal geography. 



