MARSTER8, PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PERUVIAN ANDES 255 



examples seen by the writer are to be found in the Valley of Santa Cata- 

 lina (Salaverry). Very fine huacos may also be seen near Lima and 

 within a day's ride from the Capital. Quite recently a pair of vases, 

 each apparently beaten out of a solid piece of gold, was found in a 

 huaeo near Lima. From the Valley of ISTasca, I have seen a large col- 

 lection of gold bands, undoubtedly used as wristlets and as ornaments 

 for the head. All these were discovered in the* interior of a huaco. Hence 

 all must have been of Inca manufacture, and from the crude metal ob- 

 tained from its original source by these people. 



With the invasion of Pizarro and his followers, and the subsequent 

 establishment of Spanish rule over the Inca people, we have to note the 

 introduction of a new regime. The invaders were primarily interested in 

 "the discovery and accumulation of the precious metals. On the other 

 hand, the native was agricultural and pastoral in habit. As soon as the 

 Spaniard had gained a knowledge of the gold-bearing possibilities of 

 their newly acquired territory the labor problem became an important 

 ■one. There could be but one outcome or solution on the part of the in- 

 vaders. The natives were thus pressed into mining services and driven 

 away from their chosen vocations. For a period of something like three 

 centuries the native remained in a state of servitude to the Spanish rulers 

 and people. If we can put any credence in various sources of informa- 

 tion concerning the suffering of this inoffensive race, it seems most re- 

 markable that they did not revolt and make at least one heroic effort to 

 free themselves from the servitude into which they had fallen. It was 

 -during the period of the Viceroys that the gold-bearing resources of Peru 

 became legend. That Peru was rich in the yellow metal was evident to 

 ihe invader Pizarro upon his first survey of Cajamarca. Here he dis- 

 covered and took charge of gold and silver to the amount of some three 

 millions of soles in actual value. 



To speak in general terms of the mining activities under Spanish rule, 

 we may conveniently group the localities of maximum activity in the fol- 

 lowing manner: 



(1) Cajamarca-Pataz Section. In this region, old Spanish prospects 

 may be counted by the score in numerous valleys. 



(2) Huaraz-Cajatambo-Cerro de Pasco Section. While the old Spanish 

 workings are not yet known to be as numerous in this section, it is never- 

 theless certain that large amounts of both gold and silver were obtained, 

 especially in the region of Cerro de Pasco. 



(3) Cotahuasi-Andaray Section. In this section and as far west as the 

 valley of the Chala, there are many abandoned prospects. In Andaray 

 and the Cotahuasi vicinities, as well as in the Cerro de Pasco region, 

 much work has been done since the establishment of the republic. 



