368 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



the word "grab" previous to each trial. In some instances, the second 

 penny would be caught and lost, the first and third being retained. 

 Although occasionally a subject would catch all three successfully with- 

 out knowing it, yet the tossing can not be said to have become automatic. 



The progress in learning was unsteady. Yet in each case there was 

 a gradual advance, noticeable particularly in the beginning. A warming- 

 up period was universally experienced by each subject at the beginning 

 of each day's practise. 



In the second series, a transfer test was tried with the left hand 

 before and after the practise series. This showed a considerable increase 

 in ability to catch with the left hand. 



Amount of Transfer Catches 



Subject. Before Test. After Test. Per Cent Gain. 



1 3 14 466| 



2 11 32 290+ 



3 1 29 2900 



Total gain 15 75 500 



Mr. Sax said in abstract : Although art and science are widely sepa- 

 rated, they may co-operate in art education. Prevailing methods are in- 

 direct, depending upon a never certain transfer of training. During 

 the three years the average student spends at art school, his course is as 

 follows : Casts and still life in charcoal ; still life in color ; anatomy and 

 perspective as formal subjects; the figure in charcoal; some composition, 

 and, finally, painting the head and figure in oils. 



Eesults show little transfer; for example, compositions show little 

 knowledge of anatomy or perspective. Charcoal and oils have few 

 identical elements in substance or procedure ; in . fact, specific habits 

 formed in mastering charcoal often act preclusively when the student 

 attempts to paint. Students who can draw, but not paint; construct, 

 but not compose, or are draughtsmen, but not colorists, and their oppo- 

 sites are in the overwhelming majority. 



Experiments now under way on the learning process as applied to 

 painting seem to show that (a) preparation in charcoal and still life' is 

 unnecessary in painting figures; (b) efficiency depends largely upon 

 correct analysis; (c) muscular coordination plays a minor part; (d) a 

 direct method and generalized idea of procedure are essential and (e) 

 the control of attitude is most important. 



Dr. Lyon said in abstract : This paper was divided into two parts, it 

 being in reality a discussion of two distinct questions : ( 1 ) "The Distri- 

 bution of Time in Eelation to Economy in Learning and Eetention"; 



