134 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



Mbrluccius vulgaris. The Hake. 

 This fish is supplied with a formidable array of teeth along 

 the jaws, and showing externally ; it is likewise furnished with 

 a liberal supply in the buccal cavity. The gill-rakers of the 

 first cerato-branchial are short, stout, and horny, and carry 

 teeth ; there were seven on the left side and eight on the right 

 in the specimen examined. The longest of them, the second of 

 the series, is about two-thirds of the gill length immediately 

 under it. Along the hypobranchial of the first arch the gill- 

 rakers are turned into a number of flat plates bearing minute 

 teeth, very close together, but not touching ; thirteen of these 

 were counted. Two gill-rakers, horny and toothed, grow on 

 the first epibranchial, and above them two flat tubercles, also 

 toothed. The inner edge of the first arch has upstanding gill- 

 rakers studded with teeth. The inner and outer edges of the 

 second and third arches and the outer side of the fourth arch 

 have lumpy tubercles in the centre part, and up to the angle 

 beyond that they merge into flat tubercles ; all are tooth- 

 bearing. The upper pharyngeal teeth consist of a patch of 

 very fine cardiform teeth on the second epibranchial, with two 

 patches of strongly built cardiform teeth on the third and fourth 

 epibranchials. The difference of size and strength in the first 

 and second and third of these patches is in strong contrast. 

 The lower pharyngeal teeth are on two plates placed well forward 

 in the gullet, and carry well-defined cardiform teeth with the 

 usual very distinct rows on the inner margins of the plates. The 

 ends of the plates nearer the oesophagus form two white flat 

 surfaces devoid of teeth. The tubercles above mentioned and 

 the pharyngeal teeth are white, and make a marked contrast to 

 the black lining membrane of the buccal cavity. 



Brosmius brosme. The Torsk. Fig. 1 (p. 135). 



The outer margin of the first arch has nine flat tubercle gill- 

 rakers on the cerato-hypobranchials, and only two very small 

 ones on the epibranchial ; the inner margin has seven smaller 

 tubercle gill-rakers. All the above carry minute cardiform 

 teeth which curve inwards. The inner and outer upper surfaces 

 of the second, third, and the outer side of the fourth arch bear 

 tubercle gill-rakers, and these all carry teeth similar to those of 



