138 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



first, both sides of the second and third, and the outside of the 

 fourth arch all carry small upstanding tubercles, which are 

 toothed. When the arches are closed together the tubercles 

 butt one against the other, and so do not form such a perfect 

 filter as they would if they fitted alternately. The upper 

 pharyngeal teeth show as three patches, and have strongly 

 cardiform teeth in the lower portion. The lower pharyngeal 

 teeth are in two triangular portions, with strong cardiform 

 teeth along the middle portions of the triangles. The lining 

 membrane of the mouth of this fish and its tongue are black. 



Uraleptus maraldii. 

 This fish has minute cardiform teeth for the lower pharyn- 

 geals, with a stouter row towards the middle of the mouth, as 

 recorded for the fish last mentioned. The upper pharyngeals 

 have stout cardiform teeth at the lower portion. 



CARANGID^. 

 Ltchia amia. Fig. 1 (p. 139). 

 Along the cerato-branehial of the first arch there are, count- 

 ing the one at the angle, seven hard bony gill-rakers, the inner 

 sides of which are lined with villiform teeth ; they decrease in 

 size as they get more forward in the mouth ; beyond the gill- 

 rakers are two horny patches, hardly protruding above the level 

 surface of the arch, covered with villiform teeth. There is one 

 similar gill-raker on the epibranchial ; this also has four horny 

 patches covered with villiform teeth. On the outside of the 

 angle formed by the cerato- and epi-branchials there are granular 

 asperities. The outer and inner sides of the second cerato- 

 branehial has a skin covered with fine villiform teeth. The outer 

 side of the third cerato-branehial has the same kind of skin, but 

 on the inner side it grows into flat tubercles, also covered with 

 villiform teeth. The epibranchial of the second arch finishes up 

 with an irregular shaped patch of villiform teeth, much longer 

 than its breadth ; this is the topmost one of the upper pharyngeal 

 teeth. It shows clearly in the illustration. There are patches 

 of skin with villiform teeth coming down along the epibranchial, 

 stronger in its upper part, and diminishing in size as they 

 approach the angle. These also can be seen in the illustration 



