452 THE ZOOLOGIST. 



the mouth, but the two arch bones are separate ; a row of larger 

 cardiforra teeth than the rest of the lower pharyngeal teeth are 

 set along the inner margin in front of the oesophagus. 



Pagellus moemyrus. 

 The upper pharyngeals are seen as three well-defined patches 

 bearing villiform teeth ; they fit together, looking at the first 

 glance like one broadly oval patch. 



Cantharus linbatus. Old Wife (Couch). Fig. 4 (p. 451). 



The first branchial arch has fifteen horny, toothed on the 

 inner side, gill-rakers as its cerato-hypobranchial portion, and 

 nine going up the epibranchial. On both sides of the second 

 and third, and on the inner side of the first arch, there are 

 tubercles that are covered with stiff bristles that stand up over 

 their summits. The upper section of the upper pharyngeal 

 teeth consists of strong cardiform teeth set in a circular form at 

 the top of the upper patch. The circular patch below the upper 

 one carries the same sort of teeth, well-developed in its upper 

 portion (fig. 4), less so as they get nearer the oesophagus. The 

 lower pharyngeals have a row of strong cardiform teeth, making 

 portion of circular sweeps convex to the oesophagus, the rest of 

 the surface of the lower pharyngeal bones being covered with 

 smaller cardiform teeth. The food of this fish consists largely 

 of molluscs and crustaceans. 



Sargus rondolettii.* 

 There are ten gill-rakers on the first cerato-hypobranchials, 

 with seven on the first epibranchial ; the gill-rakers have minute 

 bristles, rather than teeth, on them, as they do not respond to 

 the touch as minute teeth would do. The gill-rakers on the 

 other arches are tubercles also covered with bristles, and not 

 fitting very closely together. The upper pharyngeal teeth are 

 cardiform, and show as two patches each side, the lower in each 

 case being roughly circular, and the upper patch fitting above it. 

 The upper edge of each patch has stronger teeth than the rest 

 of the surface. The lower pharyngeal teeth also have some 

 * A fish found in the Mediterranean. 



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