﻿BIVEBS 
  AS 
  FACTORS 
  IN 
  ANIMAL 
  DISTRIBUTION. 
  129 
  

  

  separates 
  also 
  the 
  most 
  conspicuous 
  trees 
  and 
  plants. 
  In 
  the 
  

   forests 
  of 
  the 
  south 
  are 
  found 
  the 
  ebony-tree 
  (Diospyros 
  melan- 
  

   oxylon), 
  the 
  sal 
  (Sliorea 
  robusta), 
  and 
  the 
  mahwa 
  (Bassia 
  latifolia). 
  

   The 
  south 
  also 
  3 
  T 
  ields 
  vast 
  quantities 
  of 
  rice 
  and 
  150 
  tons 
  of 
  opium 
  

   grown 
  on 
  25,000 
  acres 
  of 
  land, 
  whilst 
  after 
  crossing 
  the 
  Ganges 
  

   little 
  rice 
  and 
  not 
  a 
  single 
  poppy 
  will 
  be 
  seen. 
  In 
  the 
  north 
  nine- 
  

   tenths 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  cultivated 
  mangoes, 
  whilst 
  wheat, 
  Indian 
  

   corn, 
  various 
  kinds 
  of 
  millet, 
  peas, 
  masur 
  (Cicer 
  lens), 
  rahar 
  

   (Cytisus 
  cajan), 
  oats, 
  indigo, 
  mustard, 
  linseed, 
  and 
  castor-oil 
  are 
  

   the 
  principal 
  crops 
  which 
  the 
  landholders 
  find 
  profitable 
  to 
  

   grow.'" 
  Mr. 
  Hornaday, 
  the 
  American 
  naturalist, 
  who 
  so 
  

   thoroughly 
  collected 
  zoological 
  specimens 
  during 
  the 
  limited 
  

   time 
  he 
  spent 
  in 
  India, 
  also 
  casually 
  bears 
  witness 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  

   and 
  similar 
  facts. 
  " 
  The 
  Indian 
  Black 
  Bear 
  inhabits 
  all 
  India 
  

   south 
  of 
  the 
  Ganges." 
  t 
  The 
  Indian 
  Gazelle 
  {Gazella 
  bennetti), 
  

   commonly 
  called 
  by 
  Indian 
  sportsmen 
  the 
  " 
  Bavine 
  Deer," 
  

   "does 
  not 
  occur 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Godavery 
  Biver."J 
  In 
  Assam 
  the 
  

   Gibbons 
  (Hylobates) 
  do 
  not 
  occur 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Brahmaputra 
  

   Biver.§ 
  

  

  Biver 
  faunas 
  are 
  often 
  considerably 
  modified 
  and 
  specialized 
  

   by 
  the 
  direction 
  in 
  which 
  rivers 
  flow, 
  or 
  the 
  sea 
  or 
  ocean 
  into 
  

   which 
  they 
  empty 
  themselves. 
  Sir 
  Joseph 
  Hooker 
  long 
  since 
  

   pointed 
  out 
  : 
  " 
  It 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  remarkable 
  facts 
  in 
  the 
  

   zoology 
  of 
  Asia, 
  that 
  no 
  Trout 
  or 
  Salmon 
  inhabit 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  

   rivers 
  that 
  debouche 
  into 
  the 
  Indian 
  Ocean 
  (the 
  so-called 
  Hima- 
  

   layan 
  Trout 
  is 
  a 
  species 
  of 
  Carp). 
  This 
  widely 
  distributed 
  

   natural 
  order 
  of 
  fish 
  (Salmonidce) 
  is, 
  however, 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  

   Oxus, 
  and 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  rivers 
  of 
  Central 
  Asia 
  that 
  flow 
  north 
  and 
  

   west. 
  The 
  central 
  Himalayan 
  rivers 
  often 
  rise 
  in 
  Tibet 
  from 
  

   lakes 
  full 
  of 
  fish, 
  but 
  have 
  none 
  (at 
  least 
  during 
  the 
  rains) 
  in 
  

   that 
  rapid 
  part 
  of 
  their 
  course 
  from 
  10,000 
  to 
  14,000 
  ft. 
  elevation 
  ; 
  

   below 
  that 
  fish 
  abound, 
  but 
  I 
  believe 
  invariably 
  of 
  different 
  

  

  :;: 
  ' 
  Nat. 
  Hist. 
  Sport 
  and 
  Travel,' 
  pp. 
  1-8. 
  

  

  f 
  ' 
  Two 
  Years 
  in 
  the 
  Jungle,' 
  p. 
  146. 
  

  

  % 
  Ibid. 
  p. 
  72. 
  

  

  j 
  Heilprin, 
  ' 
  Greogr. 
  and 
  Geol. 
  Distr. 
  Animals,' 
  p. 
  31. 
  — 
  Mention 
  must 
  not 
  

   be 
  omitted 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Blanford's 
  classical 
  Memoir 
  on 
  the 
  Distribution 
  of 
  Verte- 
  

   brate 
  Animals 
  in 
  India, 
  Ceylon, 
  and 
  Burma, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  use 
  made 
  by 
  him 
  of 
  

   the 
  Nebrudda 
  and 
  Kistna 
  rivers 
  (' 
  Philosoph. 
  Trans.' 
  vol. 
  cxciv. 
  p. 
  345). 
  

  

  