﻿132 
  THE 
  ZOOLOGIST. 
  

  

  have 
  become 
  divisional 
  barriers 
  among 
  primitive 
  tribes 
  by 
  the 
  

   remark 
  of 
  Du 
  Chaillu 
  on 
  the 
  intermixture 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  in 
  West 
  

   Africa, 
  which 
  he 
  explains 
  by 
  the 
  reason 
  that 
  " 
  the 
  most 
  enter- 
  

   prising 
  are 
  always 
  striving 
  to 
  get 
  possession 
  of 
  the 
  rivers, 
  which 
  

   are 
  the 
  only 
  highways 
  of 
  the 
  country."* 
  In 
  East 
  Africa, 
  

   according 
  to 
  Faulkner, 
  the 
  Mavite, 
  a 
  marauding 
  tribe 
  of 
  Kulu 
  

   Kafirs, 
  " 
  have 
  never 
  been 
  known 
  to 
  cross 
  a 
  river. 
  They 
  have 
  

   visited 
  the 
  western 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  Zambesi, 
  where 
  they 
  used 
  to 
  

   come 
  for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  receiving 
  tribute 
  from 
  the 
  Portuguese, 
  

   but 
  they 
  never 
  crossed 
  the 
  river. 
  "t 
  It 
  is 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  people 
  

   who 
  centuries 
  ago 
  carried 
  on 
  such 
  vast 
  gold-mining 
  operations 
  

   in 
  Matabeleland 
  and 
  Mashonaiand 
  do 
  not 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  worked 
  

   north 
  of 
  the 
  Zambesi. 
  J 
  

  

  Rivers 
  have 
  frequently 
  proved 
  national 
  boundaries, 
  as 
  till 
  re- 
  

   cently 
  was 
  instanced 
  by 
  the 
  Orange, 
  Vaal, 
  and 
  Limpopo 
  rivers 
  in 
  

   South 
  Africa. 
  The 
  Ehine 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  national 
  boundary 
  of 
  to-day, 
  but, 
  

   as 
  Gibbon 
  writes, 
  Valentian 
  caused 
  its 
  banks 
  " 
  from 
  its 
  source 
  

   to 
  the 
  streights 
  of 
  the 
  ocean" 
  to 
  be 
  closely 
  planted 
  with 
  strong 
  

   castles 
  and 
  convenient 
  towers, 
  and 
  thus 
  protected 
  the 
  Gallic 
  

   frontier 
  against 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  Germans 
  ; 
  or, 
  as 
  Peschel 
  

   remarks, 
  broad 
  and 
  deep 
  rivers 
  are 
  rather 
  barriers 
  and 
  im- 
  

   pediments 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  beginnings 
  of 
  society, 
  as, 
  for 
  example, 
  

   even 
  in 
  Caesar's 
  day 
  the 
  Ehine 
  quite 
  separated 
  the 
  Celts 
  and 
  the 
  

   Teutons. 
  § 
  Renan 
  recognized 
  this 
  fluviatile 
  action, 
  and 
  con- 
  

   sidered 
  the 
  alluvial 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  rivers 
  as 
  appearing 
  to 
  

   have 
  been 
  very 
  favourable 
  to 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  civilizations, 
  of 
  which 
  

   we 
  catch 
  a 
  glimpse 
  at 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  six 
  or 
  seven 
  thousand 
  years 
  

   from 
  the 
  age 
  in 
  which 
  we 
  live. 
  The 
  Yellow 
  River 
  at 
  the 
  eastern 
  

  

  Markhain, 
  as 
  to 
  whether, 
  as 
  a 
  rule, 
  the 
  tribes 
  inhabiting 
  the 
  opposite 
  banks 
  

   of 
  the 
  Amazon 
  were 
  distinct. 
  I 
  was 
  favoured 
  with 
  the 
  following 
  reply 
  : 
  — 
  

   " 
  T 
  believe 
  that 
  your 
  view 
  is 
  correct 
  as 
  regards 
  rivers 
  of 
  great 
  width, 
  such 
  as 
  

   the 
  Amazons. 
  Even 
  along 
  the 
  courses 
  of 
  smaller 
  tributaries 
  the 
  different 
  

   tribes 
  are 
  often 
  confined 
  to 
  different 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  rivers, 
  but 
  this 
  is 
  very 
  far 
  

   from 
  being 
  an 
  invariable 
  rule. 
  Generally, 
  however, 
  in 
  the 
  Amazon 
  basin, 
  

   the 
  rivers 
  form 
  the 
  divisions 
  between 
  different 
  tribes 
  " 
  (Letter, 
  April 
  12th, 
  

   1895). 
  

  

  * 
  ' 
  Explorat. 
  and 
  Advent, 
  in 
  Equatorial 
  Africa,' 
  p. 
  383. 
  

  

  f 
  ' 
  Elephant 
  Haunts,' 
  p. 
  54. 
  

  

  | 
  Cf. 
  A. 
  Sharpe, 
  ' 
  Geographical 
  Journal,' 
  vol. 
  vii. 
  p. 
  370. 
  

  

  § 
  ' 
  The 
  Races 
  of 
  Man,' 
  p. 
  197. 
  

  

  