﻿46G 
  THE 
  ZOOLOGIST. 
  

  

  and 
  yet 
  possess 
  such 
  an 
  affinity 
  to 
  him 
  in 
  domestic 
  polity 
  

   consequently 
  this 
  publication 
  is 
  rather 
  a 
  contribution 
  to 
  the 
  

   study 
  of 
  comparative 
  animal 
  psychology 
  than 
  a 
  purely 
  entomo- 
  

   logical 
  treatise. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  vexed 
  polemical 
  question, 
  which 
  was 
  focused 
  in 
  the 
  

   advocacy 
  of 
  Descartes, 
  that 
  animals, 
  excluding 
  man, 
  are 
  simply 
  

   automata, 
  and 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  carried 
  on 
  by 
  Bethe, 
  Uexkull, 
  

   and 
  other 
  recent 
  authorities, 
  who 
  propose 
  the 
  view 
  that 
  the 
  

   invertebrates 
  have 
  no 
  psychic 
  powers, 
  and 
  are 
  merely 
  reflex- 
  

   machines, 
  Dr. 
  Forel 
  advances 
  his 
  own 
  conclusions 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  

   evolutionary 
  conception. 
  He 
  considers 
  that 
  " 
  all 
  the 
  properties 
  

   of 
  the 
  human 
  mind 
  may 
  be 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  properties 
  of 
  the 
  

   animal 
  mind 
  " 
  ; 
  and 
  further, 
  that 
  " 
  all 
  the 
  mental 
  attributes 
  of 
  

   higher 
  animals 
  may 
  be 
  derived 
  from 
  those 
  of 
  lower 
  animals. 
  

   In 
  other 
  words, 
  the 
  doctrine 
  of 
  evolution 
  is 
  quite 
  as 
  valid 
  in 
  

   the 
  province 
  of 
  psychology 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  other 
  provinces 
  of 
  

   organic 
  life." 
  However, 
  this 
  question 
  is 
  of 
  too 
  burning 
  a 
  nature 
  

   to 
  be 
  discussed 
  adequately 
  in 
  these 
  pages, 
  or 
  we 
  should 
  soon 
  

   find 
  ourselves 
  in 
  the 
  theological 
  arena. 
  Whether 
  man 
  has 
  

   benefited 
  by 
  regarding 
  other 
  animals 
  as 
  simply 
  " 
  beasts 
  which 
  

   perish 
  " 
  is 
  at 
  least 
  non-proven 
  ; 
  though 
  it 
  seems 
  absolutely 
  

   certain 
  that 
  the 
  idea 
  has 
  not 
  increased 
  man's 
  forbearance 
  with, 
  

   and 
  in, 
  the 
  lives 
  of 
  other 
  creatures. 
  The 
  opinion 
  also 
  has 
  pro- 
  

   bably 
  little 
  warrant, 
  even 
  in 
  that 
  domain 
  of 
  thought 
  from 
  which 
  

   it 
  more 
  frequently 
  emanates, 
  and 
  will 
  most 
  likely 
  disappear 
  as 
  

   our 
  ideas 
  widen 
  ; 
  if 
  it 
  originally 
  came 
  from 
  the 
  near 
  East, 
  it 
  

   has 
  now 
  crystallized 
  into 
  a 
  western 
  conception, 
  but 
  has 
  never 
  

   been 
  held 
  by 
  myriads 
  of 
  the 
  Orient. 
  Dr. 
  Forel, 
  in 
  a 
  very 
  

   pregnant 
  paragraph, 
  writes 
  : 
  — 
  " 
  Spoken 
  and 
  especially 
  written 
  

   language, 
  moreover, 
  enable 
  man 
  to 
  exploit 
  his 
  brain 
  to 
  a 
  wonder- 
  

   ful 
  extent. 
  This 
  leads 
  us 
  to 
  underestimate 
  animals. 
  Both 
  in 
  

   animals 
  and 
  man 
  the 
  true 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  brain 
  is 
  falsified 
  by 
  

   training, 
  i. 
  e. 
  artificially 
  heightened. 
  We 
  over-estimate 
  the 
  

   powers 
  of 
  the 
  educated 
  negro 
  and 
  the 
  trained 
  dog, 
  and 
  under- 
  

   estimate 
  the 
  powers 
  of 
  the 
  illiterate 
  individual 
  and 
  the 
  wild 
  

   animal." 
  

  

  The 
  zoologist 
  will 
  find 
  as 
  an 
  Appendix 
  a 
  valuable 
  contribu- 
  

   tribution 
  on 
  " 
  the 
  peculiarities 
  of 
  the 
  olfactory 
  sense 
  in 
  insects." 
  

  

  