Vol. 6o.l EOCENE, ETC. SURROUNDING THE DARDANELLES. 243 



18. Eocene and Later Formations surrounding the Dardanelles. 

 By Lieut.-Col. Thomas English, late K.E., F.G.S. (Head 

 February 24th, 1904.) 



[Plates XX1-XXIIL] 



Contents. 



Page 



I. Pre-Eocene Formations 24o 



II. Eocene (Lutetian) 244 



III. Uppermost Eocene and Oligocene 246 



IV. Lower Tertiary Foldings 250 



V. Tertiary Volcanic Kocks 252 



VI. Miocene 255 



VII. Pliocene 261 



VIII. Pleistocene 265 



IX. Summary of Observations 272 



X. Bibliographical List 274 



I. Pre-Eocene Formations. 



A description of the Tertiary and post- Tertiary deposits surrounding 

 the Dardanelles can hardly be made clear without some reference 

 to the older rocks upon which they rest, but our knowledge of the 

 conditions under which the pre-Eocene strata in Thrace and Anatolia 

 were deposited and broken up is as yet very limited. 



The pre-Eocene sedimentary formations are, as a rule, so highly 

 metamorphosed that no fossils are visible ; and they are so much 

 dislocated that the general appearance is that of an archipelago of 

 old rocks in the Eocene Sea. A succession of mica- and hornblende- 

 schists, crystalline limestones, and marble, with occasional gneiss 

 or granite and serpentine, upon which the Tertiary deposits rest 

 unconformably, can be traced from Olympus and Athos, along the 

 Thracian coast, including the island of Thasos, into the Sea of 

 Marmora. The Eocene shore-lines and fringing coral-reefs can be 

 identified in some instances, but an inspection of the map (PI. XXI) 

 will show the probable islands of the pre-Eocene archipelago more 

 clearly than any description. I shall, therefore, only refer to a few 

 localities hitherto unnoticed, or where some correction to previous 

 accounts appears to be necessary. 



At Tenedos Island I found the south-eastern face for about 

 2 miles in length, from Cape Marmora to Oinos Point, to be formed 

 of white marble. 



Along the southern shore of the Sea of Marmora, a 

 stretch of about 35 miles, from Boz Burnu to Kara Burnu, and 

 thence halfway up the Gulf of Artaki, shows, from west to east, 

 granite, schist, diorite, marble, and granite. 



At Pasha Liman Island, 13 miles east of Kara Burnu, the 

 lowest rock visible at the south-western point is marble, and there is 

 an exposure of schists for a mile in length along the western shore, 



