Vol. 6o.[ EOCENE, ETC. SURROUNDING THE DARDANELLES. 269 



After the completion of the discharge of the Ponto-Caspian water, 

 and the formation of a sea-connection through the Dardanelles, the 

 water in the Sea of Marmora became again sufficiently salt to allow 

 of the entry of the existing Mediterranean fauna in early Pleistocene 

 times. Traces of this invasion occur at many points in the Sea of 

 Marmora. Vestiges of a beach-conglomerate, about 330 feet above 

 the present sea-level, occur, as stated in my previous paper, near 

 Myriophyto, on the northern shore (9, p. 159). 



Quite recently, Mr. Claude Warner has traced for me the remains 

 of a Mediterranean shell-beach in situ at Hora, 405 feet above 

 the sea (fig. 9, p. 2(53), and about 1000 yards farther inland than the 

 lacustrine beach at the 130-foot level, which I had previously seen 

 at that place. There are numerous scattered blocks of conglomerate 

 at Hora, both above and below the 130-foot level, containing 

 Mediterranean shells, such as Mytilus edulis, Ostrea edidis, Callista 

 CJiione, and Osilinus articulatus. 



The Caspian shells (Mytilus edulis, Didaena crassa. Dreissensia pohj- 

 morpha, and Neritina jluviatilis) were found by me in the 130-foot 

 beach, and in detached conglomerate-fragments. Admiral Spratt 

 collected Mel-ama, Xerita. Dreissensia, and Cardium from the same 

 locality (1, pp. 216, 217); and the list given by A. d'Archiac 

 includes Gongeria (Mytilus) restriforrnis, Cardium ovatum, G. pra- 

 traetum, Paludestrina, Neritina daaubialis, Mytilus spatfiulatus, 

 and Melanopsis (3, pp. 480, 481), without specifying the positions 

 of the beds from which thev were obtained. This mixture of 

 fossils rendered it very difficult to draw any conclusion as to what 

 formations they really represented; but since Cardium, Ostrea 

 edulis, and 31 ytilus edulis have now been collected from the 400- 

 foot beach itself, it becomes fairly certain that the Mediterranean 

 marine fossils found below are derived from it, and that the 

 remainder are partly from the 130-foot lacustrine beach, and partly 

 from the Miocene strata upon which both beaches rest. 



In several places along the shore-line of the Sea of Marmora. 

 I have found sandy and loamy clay surface-deposits, containing 

 scattered shells of Mediterranean species, at heights varying from 

 10 to 100 feet above the water. 



On the top of a low coast-cliff about three-quarters of a mile west 

 of Gallipoli, there is a deposit of sand, hardened sufficiently in some 

 parts to be worked for building, in which I collected Ostrea edulis, 

 Osilinus turbinatus, Giblrula adriatica. and G. Biasolleti, at about 

 40 feet above sea-level. 



About a mile farther west, on the top of a cliff 90 to 100 feet 

 high, formed of Sarmatic clay and marly limestone, I found a 

 scattered surface-deposit of Cerastoderma edule, Pullasira pullastra, 

 Tapes cf. Diana. Mure.r trunculus, 31. Brandaris, Cerithium r>d- 

 gatum, Loripes laeteus, and Petricola lithophaga. Didaena crassa 

 and Dreis*eu*ia polymorpha were also found, but are probably 

 derived from the Gallipoli Conglomerate. 



Half a mile inland from Tchardak, on the Asiatic coast opposite 



