270 COL. T. ENGLISH ON THE EOCENE AND [Allg. I904, 



Gallipoli, I observed a surface-deposit, varying from 40 to 50 feet 

 above sea-level, which yielded the following section : — The lowest 

 bed visible is a soft yellow sand, in which I found no fossils. This is 

 covered by a hard concretionary shell-bed, 1 foot thick, containing 

 Tapes cf. Diane? and Cerastoderma edule. Above this come 3 feet 

 of loam, with Mediterranean marine shells scattered through 

 it, the quantity of shells being greatest in the upper part. The 

 following species were collected from the loam : — Ostrea edulis, 

 Tapes cf. Dianas, Gibbula adriatica, Cerastoderma edule, Mytilus 

 edulis, Qhlamys varia, Chi. opercularis, Tritia reticulata, Loripes 

 lacteus, Gastrana fragilis ; also Dreissensia polymorpha, probably 

 from Gallipoli. The surface-soil above these marine shell-beds is 

 a sandy loam, about 3 feet thick, with scattered rounded pebbles 

 of quartz, rhyolite, and mica-schist, fragments of pottery, and the 

 following land-shells : — Buliminus Loewii, Helix pomatia, H. cincta, 

 and Pomatias (Cyclostoma) elegans. 



At Mavris Island, 12 miles east of Constantinople, a clay-bed 

 resting on the Devonian rocks, at about 10 feet above sea-level, 

 yielded the following scattered shells : — Chlamys unicolor, Cardium 

 rusHcum, and Chione gallina. On the mainland at Paulo Liman, 

 close to Mavris Island, I found Murex Brandaris, Cerithium vul- 

 gatum, Cerastoderma edule, and Cardium rusticum in a similar bed, 

 10 to 20 feet above sea-level. 



About a mile north-east of Gallipoli, on the road to Bulair, is 

 a loamy clay-bed, containing a seam about 20 feet above the sea- 

 level, and between 1 and 2 feet thick, full of Ostrea Cyrnusii 

 (lamellosa). This is presumably the oyster-bed of Gallipoli, 

 which Prof. Andrussov (24, xxx, Table of Beds above the Harmatic, 

 facing p. 4) correlates with the Pleistocene marine shell-deposits 

 of the Kertch Peninsula, containing Ostrea adriatica, Mytilus latus, 

 Venus gallina, and Nassa reticulata ; it is capped by a thickness of 

 about 6 feet of red clay. 



From beds, none of which are more than 40 feet above the 

 water, at Abydos and Chanak in the Dardanelles, Calvert & Neu- 

 mayr collected 33 species, 28 of which are still living in the 

 Mediterranean, and generally widespread (29, p. 366). 



Having had the advantage of discussing the question with 

 Mr. Calvert, I have his authority for saying that the section of the 

 Gallipoli Conglomerate, in Calvert & Neumayr's paper (29, sec- 

 tions), has no reference to these Mediterranean shells ; also that the 

 Palaeolithic knife, quoted by Prof. Suess (15, p. 441) as having been 

 found in the Gallipoli Conglomerate, was really found in the Mediter- 

 ranean shell-beds at Abydos, 18 miles lower down the Dardanelles. 

 Prof. Toula's collection from a terrace at Yapuldak (4, pp. 14, 

 15), 13 miles below Gallipoli, is evidently from the same horizon. 

 Mr. Calvert informs me that similar beds occur at Ak Bashi, 

 Maitos, Morto Bay, and In Tepe in the Dardanelles, and in the 

 plain of the ^camander. He has also found a raised beach with 

 Ostrea and Cardium, 80 to 90 feet above the present sea-level at 

 Five Pines and Usbeg, about 3 miles south-east of Abydos. 



