Vol. 60.] LATER FORMATIONS SURROUNDING THE DARDANELLES. 271 



Prof. Hcernes describes late marine shell-beds in Samothrake, 

 about 650 feet above sea-level according to his section, with Cerasto- 

 derma edule, Ostrea lamellosa. 0. cochlear, Gerithium vulgatum, 

 Spondylus, and Pecten (5, p. 10). 



The red loamy or sandy clay, which is the latest general 

 deposit, and occupies a very large area in the aggregate, throughout 

 the district, is a feature that cannot be ignored in any discussion 

 of the present developments. 



Burgerstein (20, p. 325) has fully described its appearance in 

 the Chalkidike Peninsula, and, as shown in my previous paper 

 (9, p. 157), it may be said to have left its traces in every direction, 

 up to a height of 1000 feet above the sea. It contains scratched 

 and facetted boulders (9, p. 158) in some of the higher localities, 

 and is scarcely ever free from fragments of stone. As a rule, 

 these are small, angular, scattered lumps of the rock which forms 

 the subsoil, and they correspond exactly with the fragments into 

 which the fissile rocks are being split up at the present time by 

 tree-roots, especially by those of Pinus maritima. No organic 

 remains have been found in it to my knowledge, except recent land- 

 shells, such as Pujja. Clausilia, and Cyrfostoma. 



This clay occurs in the most unlikely places for any fluviatiie 

 deposit : for example, there is a well-marked patch about 8 feet 

 thick, and full of small angular stones derived from the underlying 

 rocks, which is exposed by quarrying at lloumili Hissar on the 

 Eosphorus. It occupies a surface-depression in the Devonian strata, 

 at a height of about 180 feet, on the steep rocky slope facing the 

 waterway. 



No doubt, in many localities, this red clay has been redistributed 

 and locally thickened by the surface-drainage (ruissellement) 

 which Prof, de Lapparent (11, p. 1612) considers to be the cause of 

 the deposition of loess, but I think that the augular nature of the 

 small stones contained in it is a serious obstacle to looking in this 

 direction for the general origin of the formation. 



In order to show the widespread nature of this deposit, I have 

 indicated on the key-map (PI. XXIII) some few of the localities 

 where it occurs, with approximate heights (where known) ; but a 

 detailed survey would be required to give any adequate repre- 

 sentation of the innumerable small patches, as well as large areas, 

 which are met with in all parts. 



This red clay bears, in many respects, a strong resemblance to the 

 llubble-Drift described by Sir Joseph Prestwich, and the limiting- 

 height agrees with his observations (30). In my opinion, the 

 formation in the Dardanelles district results from a 

 short submergence of the land to a uniform height 

 of about 1000 feet above the present sea-level, prob- 

 ably during (or shortly after) the Glacial Period. It 

 is obvious, however, that no rise of water could, unaided, scratch 

 boulders such as occur in the higher portions of the red clay. 

 Perhaps an explanation of this effect, and of the peculiar cha- 

 racteristics of the clay itself, may be found in the work of shore- 



