44 



near the anal angle. You will also observe that the sub-marginal 

 spots of the under sides of the inferior wings are large and distinct. 

 Newman in British Butterflies considered this form as a distinct 

 species, and it will be found in his work under the name rothliebii. 



I have never had the pleasure of seeing Ccenonympha typhon or 

 either of its varieties in a state of nature, therefore I am not able 

 to say anything positively of its habits during repose. C. pamphilus 

 a near congener of typhon rests on the heads of rushes and coarse 

 grasses, sometimes two or three examples on one head. I have 

 often seen this species in repose, and can assert that the position 

 selected is one well calculated to afford protection by reason of the 

 complete harmony of the colouring and ornamentation of the under 

 sides of the wings of the insects with the grass or rush heads upon 

 which it rested. 



In their various habitats the type and varieties of C&nonympha 

 typhon may also assimilate with their resting-places. On the Yorkshire 

 moors and mosses for example, it may be an advantage to the species 

 that the spots and rings of its under wings should be of the size we 

 observe in the form philoxenus, and in the same way small size or 

 complete absence of spots on the hind wings of the var. laidion may 

 also confer security upon that form. 



Xylophasia rurea, and its variety alopecuris (combusta), affords an 

 instance of marked difference between type and form of a species of 

 Noctuce. The normal habit of this insect is to rest among herbage 

 at the roots of trees and bushes. Sometimes it may be found in the 

 crevices of the bark of trees. In marking and coloration the type 

 bears a strong resemblance to a piece of oak twig, or of a darker 

 coloured stick from which the bark has been partly stripped. The 

 variety, on the other hand, is not unlike a bit of birch or some such 

 dark or reddish-barked twig. In some parts of Britain the variety is 

 more frequently met with than the type, and in other parts the type 

 is predominant. Another noteworthy fact is that where combusta 

 and type are nearly or quite equal in point of numbers, intermediate 

 varieties occur which connect the two extreme forms. From these 

 facts I am inclined to infer that in certain localities, some parts of 

 Scotland, for instance, the combusta form prevails because its colouring 

 is in harmony with the general character of the debris in and about 

 the -resting-places of the insect in those localities. In the same way 

 the lighter colour and arrangement of markings give protection to 

 .the typical rurea in those localities where it predominates. 



Reference might be made to many other examples of types and 



