(Je<)lo(j}i of h'ic/iniuNf/, Coii/iii/. y. }'. 175 



A boulder of Humiltou limestone, containing Spirifcr inucrn- 

 nafus. occurs near Kiehniond, and a rock containing galena 

 WHS found in some excavations near New Brighton. 



The ice-sheet passed entirely over the clay-beds of the Creta- 

 ceous formation in the viciuitv of Kossville, apparently without 

 deteriorating them to any great extent. At first sight, it would 

 ap]>ear that these soft unconsolidated strata would have been 

 greatly ei'oded and almost entirely removed down to the bed- 

 rock. ))y such an immense mass of ice moving over them ; but 

 rdthough some was undoubtedly carried away, the ice seems to 

 have swei)t across the clays witliout cutting into them very 

 much. 



South and east of the dotted line on the map. already alluded 

 to, boulders are ahnost entirely absent, being chiefly found in 

 the beds of brooks, where they have been carried by water since 

 glacial times, and are never very large. 



Modified Drlfi. or material derived from the glacier, but 

 more or less sorted and stratifled by water, may be seen on the 

 plains lying east of the moraine from near Gitford's to Clifton. 

 The soil over this area is seen in well-diggings to be imioerfectly 

 stratifled, and to consist of loam and sand, with few pebbles 

 and fewer boulders. 



On Todt Hill, near the inoraine. there is quite an extensive 

 deposit of gravel, colored yellow by oxide of iron, which may per- 

 haps be referred to this formation; and deposits of sand, without 

 clay, gravel or boulders, may be seen in a few places within the 

 moraiual area. 



Occasionally some stratification may be seen in the morainal 

 hills themselves, but these are generally very heterogeneous in 

 composition. Modified drift also occurs in small quantities 

 along the edge of the moraine near Tottenville. The true gla- 

 cial drift is not thick in this vicinity, generally forming a mere 

 mantle over the Cretaceous strata, and was probably deposited 

 by a local jn-ojection of ice in advance of the main glacier. 



LimonUe Iron Ore. — The era of the formation of these de- 

 posits is only provisionally referred to the Quaternary. It is 

 impossible to say how early their deposition began, bnt it was 



