GRAMMAR OF THE YUKAGHIR LANGUAGE 131 



§ 97. The causative voice is formed, by means of the suffix 

 c, from transitive as well as intransitive verbs ; but the latter 

 are, in such cases, changed into transitive verbs : 



kude'de-c to cause to kill. 



mo'do-c to make to sit. 



There is another suffix for the formation of the causative 

 voice ; namely, ctile ;. but the difference between the two is not 

 quite clear to me as yet. I hope that closer study of the texts 

 will make the difference clear. 



§ 98. The reciprocal voice is formed by means of the prefix 

 we (in nouns, it constitutes the suffix of the comitative case). 

 This voice follows the rules of conjugation of intransitive verbs. 

 For instance : 



Ti'tel 7i'e'kudedeTii They killed each other. 



§ 99. The cooperative voice is formed by means of the suffix 

 je or Ji. For instance : 



kude' je To kill together. 



kiideje is equivalent to kiidedeje. The second syllable de is 

 blended together withj'V into one syllable. 



Aspects or Degrees of Action. 



§ 100. Derivative verbs indicating degrees of action are 

 formed by means of suffixes, except those in § 107. 



§ loi. The suffix 2 indicates singleness of action, that a cer- 

 tain action was performed only once and within a short period 

 of time : 



pa'nde to cook pa'fidei to cook once. 



§ 102. The suffix ci expresses an action in diminutive form, 

 limits the volume of it : 



pa'ftde-ci , to cook a little. 



§ 103. The suffix nu expresses the iterative form of the 

 action : 



pajidd' -nu to cook several times. 



