ANTHROPOLOGY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS 165 



other skulls from Holland (in Musee Vrolic) with an average 

 index of 77.48. Davis described the skulls of three Italian and 

 two Dutch Jews with an index of 76.33.^ All these skulls, 

 confirm that the Jews who live among dolichocephalic races are 

 also dolichocephalic. The crania from Italian and Dutch Jews 

 mentioned by Dessau, Davis and Quatrefages are of Spanish 

 Jewish origin, and their dolichocephaly corresponds to the type 

 of head of the indigenous population of Spain. 



It is a fact worthy of mention that the Jews expelled from 

 Spain in 1492, known as " ScpJiardini^' or Spagmioli have not 

 everywhere preserved their type as is generally supposed. Thus 

 measurements taken by Jacobs on 50 Sephardim in London 

 show that the proportion of dolichocephalic heads (cephalic 

 index less than 78) among them was 17 percent, as against 28.3 

 percent among the AsJikcnazim? In Turin also the cephalic 

 index of the Jews is 82. 14 and only 22.32 percent had indices less 

 than 80. '^ This is confirmed by Livi who found the average in- 

 dex in Italian Jews to be 8 1.6.* In Bosnia Gliick obtained meas- 

 urements of 55 Spangnuoli, whose cephalic index was 80.1, and 

 only 7.3 percent were doHchocephalic.^ From all these meas- 

 urements it is evident that the modern Sephardim are not long 

 headed as was supposed. It is doubtful whether this is due to 

 intermarriage with Ashkenazim, because the former have kept 

 themselves separated from the latter. The frequency of blond 

 and red hair among these Jews is also almost as large as among 

 the German Jews. Beddoe found three percent of blonds 

 among the Sephardim in Constantinople and Bruza, and six per- 

 cent in London.^ In Turin Lombroso found 5.8 percent, and 

 Livi even 14.7 percent as against only 9.3 percent among the 

 general population of Italy, and in Bosnia even 18.2 percent 



^ J. B. Davis, " Thesaurus craniorum," London, 1867. 



2 Joseph Jacobs, "On the comparative anthropometry of English Jews," Journ. 

 Anthropol. Iiisiitute, XV, pp. 76-88. 



3 Lombroso, loc. cit. 



* R. Livi, " Antropometria militare,'' Roma, 1896, pp. 188-190. 



5 L. Gliick, " Beitrage zur physischen Anthropologic der Spaniolen," Wissen- 

 schaftliche Alitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina, IV, 1896, pp. 587~592- 



6 J. Beddoe, "On the physical characters of the Jews," Transactions of the 

 Ethnol. Sac. London, I, 1861, pp. 222-237. 



