ANTHROPOLOGY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS 169 



Vilna, Grodno, Mohileff, Minsk, Witebsk, etc.; {^) Littlc-Riissmn 

 Jeivs, from Vohlin, Kief, Podolia, Poltava, Tchernigoff, Bessa- 

 rabia, Cherson, etc. 



These were compared with the races among which they have 

 lived in all cases where material for comparison was available in 

 anthropological literature. The immigrant Jews from Galicia were 

 compared with the Poles and Ruthenians in that country, and 

 the Roumanian and Hungarian Jews, with the native Rouma- 

 nians and Magyars in these countries. By dividing the material 

 into groups according to nativity, it was found that the number 

 of observations in each group is rather small, to give reliable 

 results. The figures obtained by measurement of the immigrant 

 Jews in New York, were then combined with figures obtained 

 by measurement of Jews in eastern Europe. In this manner it 

 was possible to present a larger number of observations, making 

 the results and conclusions more reliable. Thus our own 

 observations of Galician Jews include 305 men, but combined 

 with 836 men reported by Majer and Kopernicki, we have 

 1,141 observations ; the measurements on Polish Jews, of which 

 3 1 5 were measured in New York, were combined with 200 

 cases measured by Elkind in Warsaw, giving a total of 5 1 5 

 observations, etc. These combined figures were considered in 

 connection with figures obtained by measurement of non-Jews 

 in eastern Europe taken from the anthropological literature on 

 these races. It was often deemed advisable to bring detailed 

 statistics, because most of the literature referred to, is published 

 in the Russian or Polish languages, which makes it inaccessible 

 to the average American reader. For Galicia, Majer and 

 Kopernicki' s and Weisbach's works on the Poles and Ruthenians 

 were used ; for the Russian Poles Elkind' s work was taken as 

 standard, besides this, Olechnovicz, Talko-Hryncewicz, and 

 Zakrzewski were often consulted. For the Little-Russians, 

 Talko-Hryncewicz's work was principally used, and also Die- 

 bold, and Belodied. For the Lithuanians and White-Rus- 

 sians, Talko-Hryncewicz, and Eichholtz's researches, and the 

 Roumanians, Pittard's, and the Hungarians, Weisbach's, and 

 Janko's works. Besides these, Iv^anowski's recent compilation 



