ANTHROPOLOGY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS 221 



within these Hmits. The significance of this is more apparent 

 when we consider the probable error, which was only 0.054. It 

 shows that there is an even chance that when we should obtain 

 another series of 1,528 Jews in New York City we shall find 

 their average cephalic index within the limits of ± of the probable 

 error — 81.85 and 81.96. The chances are four to one that it 

 will be within twice these limits, and nineteen to one that it will 

 lie within thrice these limits, i. e., between 81.748 and 82.072. 

 The head-form is thus shown to have a very small range of va- 

 riability, and the average determined in this series is quite close 

 to the true or ideal average. This confirms again the conclusion 

 that the cephalic index is a very stable racial trait. 



Classifying the figures according to Deniker's scheme, we find 

 the following distribution : 



Number. Percent. 



Hyperdolichocephalic (less than 76) 44 2.89 



Dolichocephalic (76 and 77) 112 7.36 



Subdolichocephalic (78 and 79) 236 15.51 



Mesocephalic (80 and 81) 394 25.78 



Subbrachycephalic (82 and 83) 367 24.01 



Brachycephalic (84 and 85) 246 15-97 



Hyperbrachycephalic (86 and more) 129 8.48 



1,528 100.00 



This shows that the type of the Jewish head is mesocephalic. 

 Fifty percent of individuals had a cephalic index varying be- 

 tween the limits of four units, 80 to '^'^ inclusive ; over eighty 

 percent varied only between the limits of eight units, 78 to 85. 

 This of course, points to homogeneity of cranial type. 



This apparent uniformity of cranial type is displayed to a yet 

 better advantage when the seriation of the cephalic index is ob- 

 served in which each individual index is given with the percentage 

 of frequency of persons who had a given index, as has been 

 done in Table XXIV. The curve plotted on a scale from these 

 figures on diagram 6 shows this in a graphic form. It will be 

 seen that the cephalic index of 65 stands alone. It may be dis- 

 regarded because it is a manifestation of rickets in the early 

 years in its possessor. One individual had a cephalic index of 

 70, not one with 71. Only at 72 does the real series begin : 



