ANTHROPOLOGY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS 263 



termed blond. As this class includes many gradations of color, 

 we have found it necessary to divide it into dark and light chest- 

 nut. Most hair here considered to be light chestnut may some- 

 times be taken for blond, especially when seen by direct sun- 

 light, but close observation discloses a dark tinge. Much of 

 the hair included in this class, shows a somewhat rufous appear- 

 ance, without being decidedly red ; in other instances it is 

 almost flaxen, but with a dark tinge. 



Under blond we have classed hair which is almost white, as 

 well as the flaxen, ashen, yellowish and golden blond hair. 

 Some of these have a more or less grayish tinge, others are 

 even slightly rufous, while still others have no decided color 

 at all. 



There are many shades of red hair, ranging from fire- red 

 through brownish-red to that which is almost blond but which 

 has a decidedly rufous appearance. In doubtful cases we 

 have been guided by other signs of erythrism, such as an 

 abundance of freckles, and, where possible, by noting the 

 color of the pubic hair, which is orange yellow in most cases 

 of erythrism. 



The color of the iris was observed at a distance of about one 

 meter. Eyes showing the least degree of pigmentation were re- 

 corded as blue, but deeply pigmented eyes, with a dark bluish 

 appearance on close observation, were not included in this class. 

 Only eyes having no color at all or a mixture of light blue and 

 gray were counted as blue. All dark eyes which were not de- 

 cidedly black were recorded as brown. In this class are included 

 the '* beer-colored " eyes (very common among the Eastern 

 European Jews) and those having a deep dark tint which appears 

 dark blue on close inspection. As gray were considered all 

 eyes which could not be included in the above two classes ; it 

 consequently includes most of those which some observers have 

 described as green, although many of these are essentially 

 brown. Such cases as the latter have been classed among the 

 brown eyes. Black eyes are usually brown on close inspection, 

 but at a distance of about a meter the iris appears deep black 

 and shows no difference in the color of the pupil. 



