260 PROCKEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DeC. 13, 



of the deposit. Though denuded at this point, the numnmhtic rock 

 is conformably followed to the north, on the other side of a small 

 brook, by dark shale and grey and green sandstone (^), which as 

 certainly represent a portion of the upper alpine flysch. Thus far 

 all is clear. But in traversing the undulating ridges between this 

 spot and Wieliczka or Cracow on the north, a very complicated and 

 broken series of sandstones, shale and limestones is passed over, the 

 greater part of which have hitherto been gregariously merged under 

 the name of Carpathian sandstone. Now, as secondary fossils have 

 been found in some of them near Cracow, it becomes absolutely ne- 

 cessary to endeavour to explain the apparent anomaly and to separate 

 the above-mentioned tertiaiy flysch, which distinctly overlies the 

 nummulitic eocene, from other rocks, often closely resembling it in 

 mineral characters, which are as certainly of cretaceous and secon- 

 dary age. 



Scarcely has the traveller advanced a few miles from the outer 

 edge of the Tatra to the north, than he meets with a low ridge of 

 limestone, which runs parallel to the main chain by Zafllary and Ru- 

 gosnik. On inspecting this limestone (o of fig. 31) I had no doubt, 

 that its mural form and altered condition were due to an upcast along 

 a line of eruption. This supposition was, indeed, confirmed by the 

 existence of an outburst of porphyry a few miles to the east, pre- 

 cisely on the strike of the beds. From the names of the fossils first 

 collected by Professor Zeuschner, such as Ammonites Murchison(e, 

 A. Conybeari, A. biplex, A. Tatricus, Terehratvia drjphia, and others, 

 it appeared probable that this rock was simply an upcast on a small 

 scale of some upper portion of the great adjacent Jurassic chain, 

 which had been upheaved through overlying schists and sandstones. 

 More careful examination of other fossils collected from this locality 

 by Zeuschner has, as Count Keyserling informs me, detected at least 

 eight species of the lower neocomian, viz. Ammonites Calypso, A. 

 Morellianus, A. diphyUus, A. picturatus, A. subjimbriatus, A. fasci- 

 cularis, with Scaphites Ivanii, &c. In this collocation (even if the 

 names in the first list be correct) there need, it appears to me, be no 

 contradiction ; for it is the usual case in the Alps, that strata with 

 Oxfordian fossils are at once overlaid by the lower neocomian lime- 

 stone. The physical features, indeed, favour this view ; for the mass 

 of the lowest limestone visible is a highly altered, veined and reddish 

 rock, in many parts amorphous and crystalline, with many slickenside 

 surfaces, and in parts a breccia, which presenting bluff escarpments to 

 the valley of Neumarkt, is overlaid to the south, as represented in 

 the diagram, by dark shale and nodules of ironstone, and then by 

 thinner-bedded, scaly, greyish-white limestones («*), which may well 

 represent the lower neocomian, and in which I doubt not the last- 

 mentioned species were found. I persist, therefore, in my belief that 

 these limestones were really upheaved, along a fissure parallel to the 

 main Carpathian chainf. It is indeed manifest (see fig. 31) that the 

 north and south edges of this trough of sandstones are entirely dis- 

 similar ; for the strata constituting its north end rest upon limestones 

 t See Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains, vol. i, p. 264. 



