262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DeC. 13, 



of rocks ; inasmuch as these fossils have a vertical range from the 

 secondary greensand upwards to beds thousands of feet above the 

 equivalent of the white chalk. In the Carpathians, the same or 

 nearly the same lithological character prevails from the strata repre- 

 senting the lower neocomian up into beds above the nummulitic 

 limestone ; and if the normal relations of this region were not ex- 

 cessively distorted, we should, I have no doubt, see that the younger 

 secondary and older tertiary there often pass into each other, pre- 

 serving the same mineral types. 



Thus, if the section (fig. 31) from the flanks of the Tatra be con- 

 tinued from the environs of Zafflary and the valley of Neumarkt to 

 the valley of the Vistula, we may interpret the sandstones, conglome- 

 rates and schists of that tract to be both of secondary and tertiary 

 age ; for, notwithstanding many dislocations and contortions, it ap- 

 peared to me, that on the whole the grey sandstones of the hills north 

 of the Biala Dmiajec dip away from the axis of Zafflary and Rugosnik, 

 in which Jurassic and lower neocomian fossils occur. In this way 

 the hills near Svienty Cruz, about 2000 feet above the sea, which 

 contain fragments of coaly matter and thin seams of lignite, may 

 possibly be paralleled with the strata, which at the outer zone of all 

 the series of similar aspect, extending from Liebertoft to the hills 

 south of Wieliczka, contain what are called upper neocomian, or 

 lower greensand fossils. However this may be, one of the under- 

 lying masses dips to the north, and the other or outer zone to the 

 south. The result is, that the greater portion of the intervening 

 strata lie in a rudely undulating and broken trough ; and thus I am 

 disposed to think, until contradictory fossil proofs be obtained, that 

 a portion of the series north of Svienty Sebastian, consisting of thick- 

 bedded macigno sandstone of grey and grass-green colours with white 

 veins, (which at Struya and in the hill of Kotan near Luboin are 

 surmounted by dark shale and schist,) and also the strata extending 

 to the valley of the Rabba, may stand in the place of the supracre- 

 taceous macigno alpin or upper flysch of the Alps. 



But wherever the white chalk or its representative and the num- 

 mulitic limestone are absent on the flanks of the Carpathians, and 

 fossils cannot be detected, the geologist must be at fault. Fortu- 

 nately, however, the palseontological researches of Prof. Zeuschner 

 have proved, that many of these green sandstones, schists and con- 

 glomerates are of true cretaceous age. Thus, in the ravines near 

 Liebertoft, two Polish miles south of Cracow, M. Zeuschner led me 

 into gorges where grey, flaglike calcareous grits, occasionally passing 

 almost into conglomerates with black fragments (lithologically, in- 

 deed, un distinguishable from supracretaceous rocks), contain ammo- 

 nites, belemnites, and a species of Aptychus. In these strata, as 

 they range thence towards Wieliczka, M. Zeuschner has since detected 

 Belemnites bipartitus (Blainv.), B . jpistiUiformis (Bl.), B. dilatatus 

 (BL), which present on the whole adequate proof that these sandy 

 beds represent the neocomian. In short, they resemble to some ex- 

 tent the English type of lower greensand. In the county of Trent- 

 schin, between Orlova and Podkrad, the so-called Carpathian sand- 

 stone, on the other hand, is probably the upper greensand ; for, along 



